普施特降解菌Bacillus sp.zx2和zx7生长及降解特性

芽孢杆菌zx2和zx7是普施特高效降解菌,研究其生长和降解特性旨在为普施特污染土壤的生物修复提供科学依据。采用瓶培养法,对芽孢杆菌zx2和zx7的生长特性及单菌和复合菌对普施特的降解特性进行了研究。结果表明,zx2和zx7均可在普施特初始浓度≤200mg·L-1的无机盐培养液中生长良好,zx2在温度25～35℃和pH4.0～7.0时生长良好,而zx7适宜在温度30～35℃和pH5.0～8.0时生长,可见在适应性上二者互补。在最佳条件（温度32℃、pH6.0和普施特初始浓度为200mg·L-1）下,zx2和zx7在无机盐培养液中对普施特降解动态均符合阻滞动力学,半衰期分别为3.8d和2.8d,培养6d时普施特降解率分别为85.81%和90.27%。在培养过程中,zx2的pH是降低的,而zx7的pH基本不变,可初步表明二者降解机理不同;zx2和zx7复合菌（1∶1）对普施特降解率比单菌低,为82.70%,这可能是因为zx2或zx7降解普施特的过程中利用了对方产生的降解产物。     

包膜控释尿素（追施）对冬小麦生长发育及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了苗期和返青期追施释放期为30d和60d的包膜控释尿素对冬小麦生长发育及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,分别在冬小麦苗期和返青期追施释放期为60d包膜控释尿素（N60N60）,能显著促进植株生长发育,增强植株对N、P、K养分吸收,增加籽粒产量。与不追肥（CK）处理相比,N60N60处理植株地上部和地下部干物重分别提高33.21%和67.84%;叶片叶绿素含量增加12.77%～25.20%;植株茎叶N、P、K含量分别增加63.55%、37.08%和6.91%,籽粒N、P、K含量分别增加8.56%、31.18%和24.49%;小麦穗长、穗粒重、千粒重和籽粒产量分别增加14.14%、27.00%、39.32%和48.01%。在返青期追施1次包膜控释尿素,N0N30优于N0N60处理,叶绿素含量增加1.50%～3.04%;植株茎叶N、P、K含量分别增加12.37%、12.25%和1.26%,籽粒N、P、K含量分别增加0.50%、5.69%和9.74%;小麦穗长、穗粒重、千粒重和籽粒产量分别增加2.84%、11.81%、11.65%和6.61%。同时,包膜控释尿素施用能明显减少硝态氮向土壤深层渗漏数量,减轻对地下水污染风险。     

冬季抗旱措施对小麦耗水特征与生育性状的影响

在2010—2011年小麦生长季节降水量为47.7 mm条件下,采用冬季抗旱处理时期(1月28日、2月12日、2月27日)、冬季抗旱措施与春一水灌水量组合(冬季喷灌+春一水灌水量75 mm、漫灌措施+春一水灌水量75 mm,冬季覆盖牛粪措施+春一水灌水量90 mm)2因素设计,研究了河北低平原区高产条件下冬小麦耗水特征和生育性状。结果表明:各处理的小麦全生育期总耗水量为384.93~464.24 mm,产量水分利用效率为15.23~20.87 kg·hm-2·mm-1。播种到越冬期和起身到灌浆期是小麦耗水量较大的时期。同一处理时期不同水肥措施下,随灌水量的增加,耗水量有增加趋势,水分利用效率与灌溉水利用效率有降低趋势;其中以牛粪覆盖措施小麦产量和灌水利用效率最高,喷灌措施小麦产量水分利用效率高于漫灌。同期不同水肥措施对小麦干物质再分配的影响表现为:牛粪覆盖措施和对照促进了小麦开花前营养器官贮存的同化物向籽粒再分配,喷灌和漫灌提高了小麦开花后干物质积累量和籽粒中来自花后积累干物质的比例。不同处理时期同一水肥措施比较,随处理时期推迟籽粒产量有增加趋势。以上结论可为指导小麦冬季田间旱情补救措施提供理论依据。     

Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.     

钼对滇重楼生长、养分和总皂甙含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,设4个施钼水平,即0、0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/kg,研究了施钼对滇重楼生长、养分元素含量和根茎总皂甙含量的影响。结果表明,与不施钼相比,施钼显著提高了滇重楼株高、光合速率、生物量和根茎产量,分别以0.4、0.2、0.4、0.2mg/kg处理最高。中低施钼水平（0.2、0.4mg/kg）下,叶和新根茎氮含量呈增加的趋势,高施钼水平（0.8mg/kg）可显著降低叶和新根茎氮含量;施钼降低了叶和新根茎中的磷含量,但增加了地上茎中的磷含量;施钼增加了叶中钾含量,但降低了茎中钾含量。各施钼处理叶、地上茎、新根茎中钼含量均显著高于不施钼处理;随施钼水平的增加,各部位钼含量呈先增加后降低的趋势。与不施钼相比,各施钼处理新根茎中总皂甙含量显著增加,以Mo 0.8 mg/kg处理最高。综合考虑滇重楼生长、药用部位生物量累积、钼和总皂甙含量,本试验条件下,以施Mo 0.2～0.4 mg/kg较为适宜。     

高产嗜铁素恶臭假单胞菌A3菌株的鉴定及其对黄瓜的促生作用

从大棚蔬菜根际土中分离到一株嗜铁素高产菌株A3,铬天青（CAS）法定量检测其嗜铁素相对含量达93.40%,Shenkers实验确定为羧酸型嗜铁素。在不同底物诱导下,该菌株可不同程度地产生吲哚乙酸（IAA）及1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）脱氨酶,并具有一定的溶磷能力。根据形态特征、生理生化、API系统及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株A3鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）。在缺铁Hoagland营养液中添加难溶性铁及菌株A3嗜铁素发酵滤液的处理组,能够显著提高黄瓜幼苗的株高、根长、叶长、鲜重及叶绿素含量,表明菌株A3产生的嗜铁素在低铁条件下对黄瓜幼苗具有促生作用。     

Considering sink strength to model crop production under elevated atmospheric CO2

Climatic changes and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will affect crop growth and production in the near future. Rising CO₂ concentration is a novel environmental aspect that should be considered when projections for future agricultural productivity are made. In addition to a reducing effect on stomatal conductance and crop transpiration, elevated CO₂ concentration can stimulate crop production. The magnitude of this stimulatory effect (‘CO₂ fertilization’) is subject of discussion. In this study, different calculation procedures of the generic crop model AquaCrop based on a foregoing theoretical framework and a meta-analysis of field responses, respectively, were evaluated against experimental data of free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) environments. A flexible response of the water productivity parameter of the model to CO₂ concentration was introduced as the best option to consider crop sink strength and responsiveness to CO₂. By varying the response factor, differences in crop sink capacity and trends in breeding and management, which alter crop responsiveness, can be addressed. Projections of maize (Zea mays L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production reflecting the differences in responsiveness were simulated for future time horizons when elevated CO₂ concentrations and climatic changes are expected. Variation in future yield potential associated with sink strength could be as high as 27% of the total production. Thus, taking into account crop sink strength and variation in responsiveness is equally relevant to considering climatic changes and elevated CO₂ concentration when assessing future crop production. Indicative values representing the crop responsiveness to elevated CO₂ concentration were proposed for all crops currently available in the database of AquaCrop as a first step in reducing part of the uncertainty involved in modeling future agricultural production.     

硒的价态与浓度水平对6种植物种子发芽和根际生长的影响

本文研究了硒的价态（Se6＋和Se4＋）和浓度水平（0～100mgSe·L-1）对6种植物（大麦、小麦、花椰菜、萝卜、苜蓿和欧芹）种子萌发和根际生长特性的影响。结果表明,低浓度硒（〈1mgSe·L-1）对种子发芽促进作用不明显,而高浓度硒（〉4mgSe·L-1）则有显著抑制作用,不同种子对硒的抗性表现不同。根长和芽长的测定结果表明,低浓度对花椰菜和小麦种子生长具有显著促进作用,对欧芹种子表现出抑制作用。较高浓度（1～4mg·L-1）即对花椰菜、苜蓿和欧芹的根生长表现出抑制作用,高浓度对小麦、大麦和萝卜根生长有抑制作用,且使芽生长受到抑制的硒浓度高于根生长。比较价态,低硒时六价对花椰菜生长的促进作用显著高于四价,高硒时小麦和苜蓿对硒的抗性表现为六价硒强于四价硒,其余科属差异不显著。不同科属对硒的抗性为禾本科小麦和大麦最强,十字花科花椰菜和萝卜次之,豆科苜蓿较差,伞形科欧芹最差。     

Biomass and Phosphorus Uptake Responses of Maize to Phosphorus Application in Three Acid Soils from Southern Cameroon

Abstract

A phosphorus (P) greenhouse experiment was carried out with maize (Zea Mays L.) using surface horizons of three contrasted acid soils from southern Cameroon. The objectives were (i) to assess causal factors of maize differential growth and P uptake and (ii) to explore plant–soil interactions in acid soils under increasing P supply. Shoot and root dry‐matter yield and P uptake were significantly influenced by soil type and P rate (P<0.000), but the interaction was not significant. Soil properties that significantly (P<0.05) influenced maize growth variables were available P, soil pH, exchangeable bases [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)], and exchangeable aluminium (Al). Data ordination through principal‐component analysis highlighted a four‐component model that accounted for 88.1% of total system variance (TSV) and summarized plant reaction in acid soil condition. The first component, associated with 36.1% of TSV, pointed at increasing root–shoot ratio with increasing soil acidity and exchangeable Al. The second component (24.6% of TSV) highlighted soil labile P pool increase as a function of P rate. The third and fourth components reflected nitrogen (N) accumulation in soils and soil texture variability, respectively.     

Se肥施用方式和施用时期对水稻含Se量及产量的影响

在田间小区的试验条件下研究不同硒(Se)肥的施用方法及施用时期对水稻植株和籽粒中Se的吸收与富集的影响。研究表明:水稻在生长前期和旺盛时期对Se的吸收和积累有很大差异。与对照相比,苗床施Se、土壤施Se和叶面喷Se 3种方式均能明显提高各生育期水稻植株和籽粒中Se的含量,富Se效果达到差异极显著水平。从稻米富Se效果看,富Se含量在0.163~0.207 mg·kg-1之间,Se含量增加了5.8~7.6倍,且都在安全范围内。从水稻富Se的方式上,不同施Se方式富Se效果依次为水稻扬花期喷Se土壤施Se育苗期喷Se对照。从叶面喷施Se的时间上,稻米富Se效果依次是扬花期喷Se育苗期喷Se灌浆期喷Se齐穗期喷Se对照。从水稻富Se类型上看,外源无机Se和有机Se都能明显促进水稻对Se的积累。水稻育苗期和扬花期叶面喷Se在提高水稻稻米中含Se量的同时,并没有降低水稻产量。因此水稻叶面喷Se是一条安全、简单、易操作的途径。