植物内流型钾离子通道的研究进展*

 内流型钾离子通道是植物钾离子吸收的重要途径之一。近年来,已从多种植物或同种植物的不同组织器官中分离得到多个内流型钾离子通道基因（如AKT1, KAT1, SIRK和KST1等）。从内流型钾离子通道基因的分类、结构、生理功能及在植物的应用等4方面综述了关于植物内流型钾离子通道的研究进展。     

不同煤基腐殖酸对土壤锌淋洗效果的研究

为了研究不同煤基腐殖酸对土壤锌的淋洗效果,从而进一步探讨其调控土壤锌移动性的效果,采用土柱淋洗方法,研究了11种煤基腐殖酸及EDTA在2种淋洗方式（去离子水淋洗和5% KCl溶液淋洗）下对土壤Zn的淋洗效果的影响。结果表明：11种煤基腐殖酸处理下,去离子水淋洗液中Zn含量与CK2相比,1~10号煤基腐殖酸对土壤Zn都有一定的钝化作用,降低了Zn在土壤中的迁移性,而11号煤基腐殖酸增强了Zn在土壤中的迁移性,但11种煤基腐殖酸处理下的淋洗效果均低于EDTA处理下的淋洗效果。同时,5% KCl溶液对Zn的淋洗效果好于去离子水。     

Crop Nutrient Status and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Balances Obtained in Field Trials Evaluating Different Fertilizer Recommendation Systems on Various Soils and Crops in Hungary

Based on correlations calculated from the database of long-term fertilization experiments carried out in Hungary between 1960 and 2000, a new, cost-saving, and environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system was developed. The aim of the new system is to apply the lowest possible nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) rates required to achieve good yields and maximum income per unit area. The World Phosphorus Institute (IMPHOS) agreed to finance a 3-year program to test various Hungarian fertilizer recommendation systems (the new RISSAC-RIA [Research for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry‐Research Institute for Agriculture] system, the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated soil fertility management system, and the intensive MÉM NAK [Department of Plant Protection and Agricultural Chemistry of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture] system) when applied to three major crops grown on three characteristic Hungarian soils. The first five treatments in the experiment represented a classical deficiency experiment, aimed at checking the correctness of the NPK supply categories determined by the various systems. On all three soils and for all three crops the IMPHOS experiments confirmed the basic principles of the new cost-saving, environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system and the correctness of the methods used for calculating fertilizer rates. In this article, diagnostic plant analysis, soil analysis data, and NPK balances obtained in the different recommendations are discussed. In most cases the plant NPK contents of all the recommendations exceeded the lower limits of the good NPK supply category for wheat and barley shoot as well as for corn leaf. Crop NPK contents in Talajer?gazdálkodás and MÉM NAK treatments (with greater recommended NPK doses) were most cases better than in the RISSAC-RIA treatments; however, the better crop NPK status did not result in extra grain yield in the former treatments. Taking into account that similarly high yields were obtained using the RISSAC-RIA system and the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated system with much smaller NPK doses than those recommended by the intensive MÉM NAK system, it was more advantageous from agronomic, environmental protection, and economic points of view. Differences in PK balances correlated well with the differences in the measured soil ammonium lactate (AL)–PK contents after the third year of the experiment.     

砂土地肥料配施对小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

彩四因子干净人通用旋转设计，研究了砂土地施用有机肥、氮、肥、磷肥和钾肥对小麦产量的作用和对土壤肥力的影响及其施肥因子之间的交互作用和最适配比。结果表明：有机肥、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥与小麦产量呈二次回归关系，砂土地要提高产量和培肥地力应立足于肥料配合施用，重施有机肥，酌情多施磷肥。     

施用磷肥对环境的影响探讨

磷肥的施用与环境质量密切相关。本文讨论了过量施用磷肥加剧了农业非点源污染,农业非点源磷的累积增加了水体富营养化的风险,同时,磷肥中的重金属随磷肥的施用进入土壤环境,对土壤环境质量和农产品品质以及人体健康也有一定的影响。     

长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土土壤呼吸特征研究

[目的]探讨长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土的土壤呼吸变化特征,为西北干旱区灰漠土农田土壤碳通量的计算以及灰漠土固碳潜力的评估提供依据.[方法]在连续定位施肥22 a灰漠土长期试验的12个处理中选择5个处理,利用英国ACE土壤碳通量测量仪,对其呼吸速率进行24 h的连续监测.同时监测试验区气温和5 cm地表温度等相关气象数据.[结果]长期施用有机物料(NPKM、M、S)的土壤呼吸速率总体高于不施用有机物料(NPK、CK)的处理,以单施有机肥(M)处理对土壤呼吸速率的影响最为显著,秸秆还田处理其次.NPKM处理的土壤呼吸速率小于M和S,说明化肥配合有机肥的施肥方式能够减缓农田CO2的释放,长期施用有机物料处理的土壤呼吸速率对环境温度的敏感性大于不施用有机物料的土壤,陈NPKM处理外,其余处理与地表温度间存在线性关系.[结论]从农业固碳减排和土壤肥力培育的角度,有机无机配合施用是实现新疆农田地力提升和环境友好双赢的重要培肥措施.     

高锰酸钾在林蛙人工饲养中安全使用浓度的试验研究

将中国林蛙浸于 7种不同浓度梯度的高锰酸钾溶液中 ,以印证林蛙对高锰酸钾的耐受力 ,指导在养蛙生产中高锰酸钾的安全使用浓度。结果表明 ,0 0 1%～ 0 0 2 %的高锰酸钾为安全浓度 ;0 0 2 %为疾病预防浓度 ;0 0 3%为治疗浓度 ,高于 0 0 3%使林蛙全部致死     

施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥对烤烟致香物质和评吸质量的影响

采用大田试验研究了施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥施用量对烤烟致香物质和评吸质量的影响.结果表明,施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥不会降低烟叶中主要致香物质含量和总致香物质含量,以减少化学钾肥14％的处理烟叶总致香物质含量和主要致香物质含量较高;施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥处理烤烟评吸质量较好,经济效益较高.但研究也发现,上述结果具有不稳定性,因此,针对不同烟区生物钾肥的研制和施用还有待于进一步的研究.     

水肥耦合对设施番茄肥料减施效应的影响

为了探索水肥耦合在设施番茄上的应用效果及其对肥料减施的贡献,采用田间试验,设置6个处理,研究了水肥耦合条件下底肥减施20%和40%、灌溉量减少15%的条件下对设施番茄产量、品质和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:中水中肥(W2F2)处理产量最高,显著高于其他处理,产量比高水中肥(W1F2)处理提高2.0%,比常规处理(W1F1)提高4.1%。中水中肥处理番茄可溶性固形物、维生素C、土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量比常规处理分别提高1.5%、5.8%、6.5%、6.3%、4.5%、10.6%。说明中水中肥处理(80%常规施肥+滴灌至田间持水量的85%,每公顷每次施用51kg大量元素水溶肥随水滴灌4次)不仅能提高设施番茄产量,还能在一定程度上提高番茄品质和土壤养分含量,是设施番茄肥料减施最佳处理。