减氮下不同肥料配施对麦玉复种体系作物氮素积累分配及产量的影响

为探索陕西关中地区冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系氮肥减量增效潜力,构建适宜的作物养分管理体系,于2018-2019年采用田间试验研究了减氮并配施不同肥料对麦玉复种体系作物生长状况、植株氮素积累分配、作物产量以氮素利用效率的影响。试验设置5个处理：常规施氮（225 kg·hm^-2,N₁₀₀）;减氮20%（180 kg·hm^-2 ,N₈₀）;减氮配施生物炭（180 kg·hm^-2,生物炭22 500 kg·hm^-2,N₈₀+BC）;减氮配施缓释肥（180 kg·hm^-2,尿素∶缓释肥=1∶1,N₈₀+S）;减氮配施微生物菌肥（180 kg·hm^-2,微生物菌肥3 600 kg·hm^-2 ,N₈₀+BF）。结果表明：减氮及其配施不同肥料对夏玉米大喇叭口期后株高、干物质和氮素积累没有显著影响;而N₈₀+BF促进了夏玉米氮素向籽粒中的分配;N₈₀+BC提高了夏玉米产量和收获指数,且较N₈₀处理分别显著提高8.3%和20.1%;减氮下三种配施处理均能提高夏玉米氮农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力,且以N₈₀+BC处理表现最佳,较N₁₀₀分别显著提高43.3%和29.0%,较N₈₀分别显著提高45.8%和8.3% ;N₈₀+BC和N₈₀+BF还能显著提高夏玉米氮肥表观表观回收率,二者较N₁₀₀显著增加18.1%和10.7% ,较N₈₀处理显著增加26.9%和19.0%。与N₈₀相比,N₈₀+BF有效提高了冬小麦扬花期和成熟期分蘖数、茎蘖成穗率以及成熟期干物质和氮素积累量,并能显著提高冬小麦穗数和产量,增幅分别为13.7%和16.2%。减氮下3种配施处理均能提高冬小麦氮农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素利用率,其中氮农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力在N₈₀+BF处理表现最佳,较N₁₀₀分别显著提高了31.2%和28.4%,较N₈₀分别显著提高了33.7%和16.2%,氮素利用率在N₈₀+S处理表现最佳。综上所述,减氮及其配施处理中,180 kg·hm^-2配施生物炭（22 500 kg·hm^-2）和180 kg·hm^-2配施微生物菌肥(3 600 kg·hm^-2)更有利于作物生长,促进氮素积累与分配,提高作物产量和氮素利用效率,实现关中地区麦玉复种体系氮肥管理的“减量增效”。     

基于宏基因组分析菌渣微生物群落组成和功能多样性

为探究双孢菇菌渣发酵过程中微生物菌群组成变化和功能多样性,对双孢菇菌渣加猪粪混合堆肥的0、8 、16和20  d样品进行宏基因组测序,分析菌渣堆肥过程中微生物群落组成的变化并挖掘其功能基因。结果表明：（1）双孢菇菌渣有机肥发酵初期0  d时与发酵8 、16  和20  d时的微生物群落组成变化较大,同时在KEGG数据库中进行功能多样性分析和聚类分析发现0  d、8  d样本距离相对较近,16  d和20  d样本距离相对较近。（2）从不同时间段的菌渣有机肥中一共鉴定出28  257个种,其中发酵0 、8 、16  和20  d样本物种分别占物种总数的61.04%、85.35%、86.08%和85.40%。（3）自然发酵0  d时优势菌门为厚壁菌门,随着发酵时间的增加优势菌门逐渐变为变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门等;芽孢杆菌科及类芽孢杆菌科在发酵过程中一直为关键菌科;优势菌种为热噬淀粉芽胞杆菌和嗜热芽孢杆菌。（4）菌渣发酵过程中功能基因主要位于碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、核苷酸代谢和辅因子和维生素的代谢途径;碳水化合物酶占比较多的为糖基转移酶和糖苷水解酶,最低为多糖裂解酶,分别占比为38.8%、38.1%和1.2%;丰度最高的3个抗性基因分别为多耐药性抗性基因、大环内酯抗性基因和四环素抗性基因。     

施肥及喷施B Y2和IBA对云南松苗木芽萌发和穗条产量的影响

对2年生云南松实生苗统一截顶后,采用L9（34）正交设计进行施肥、喷施B Y2和IBA溶液的试验,分析不同组合对穗条产量等的影响。结果表明：试验进行90d时,平均萌芽数和新枝数为132~187芽/株和44~97枝/株。180d时,不同组合的平均单株穗条产量和枝条成穗率为26~59条/株和139%~522%,影响2项指标的主导因子是B Y2,其理论优水平组合为每株施有机肥005kg和喷施40×107CFU/mL的B Y2溶液。有机肥可促进萌芽和穗条产量的提高;IBA促进萌芽和枝条的生长,但抑制萌芽形成枝条;B Y2可提高穗条的产量。培育地径粗壮的无蹲苗的壮苗是提高云南松穗条产量的关键;同时,2年生的苗木,在养分充分满足其生长的前提下,喷施40×107CFU/mL的B Y2溶液也可增加穗条产量。     

近红外技术快速测定肉鸡粪便主要肥料成分含量的研究

该文探讨了利用近红外光谱分析技术(NIRS)快速测定肉鸡粪便主要肥料成分含量的可行性。在饲养试验过程中采集了肉鸡粪便样品183个，利用常规实验室分析方法测定了其中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)、铵态氮(AN)、有效磷(EP)含量，利用近红外光谱仪取得了样品在1421.5～2572.2 nm波段的光谱，并使用偏最小二乘法(PLS)结合交互验证(CV)和留一检验法(LOO)建立了肉鸡粪便肥料成分的近红外光谱定标模型，同时利用该模型对20个样品的总氮、总磷、总钾、铵态氮、有效磷的含量进行预测，得出的5种主要肥料成分的预测值和真实值(实验室经典化学分析方法测定值)之间具有显著的相关性，其相关系数分别为0.9574，0.9590，0.9870，0.9572和0.9650。预测标准差分别为0.0014，0.0012，0.0012，2.3041×10^-4和0.3814。结果表明，利用近红外光谱法对肉鸡粪便风干样品的主要肥料成分进行快速测定是可行的。     

Cl-对土壤中肥料氮、微生物数量和酶活性的影响

Pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of Cl^- on transformation of fertilizer N,number of microorganisms and enzyme activities in soils.It is indicated that Cl^- did not show significant influence on total number of bacteria,actinomyces and fungi,but significantly reduced the number of nitrosolbacteria, which led to decrease of NO3^- content in the soil.Application of Cl^- to soil could significantly enhance the adtivities of phosphatase and urease in the coastal saline soil and orthic aquisols,In hilly red soil,however,the application of Cl^-1 at the rate of 500-1000mg Cl^- kg^-1 soil significantly decreased the activity of the two enzymes mentioned above.     

Influence of Oil Seed Rape and Faba Bean as Green Manure on Nitrogen Utilization in a Spring Cereal Rotation

A lysimeter study was conducted to investigate how nitrogen uptake of spring wheat and oats and N leaching losses are differing when either oilseed rape or faba bean are grown as green manure. The experiment was conducted during 1982–1988, and fertilizer applied to the cereals was either farmyard manure, FYM, (6 and 12 g N/m²/year) or mineral fertilizer, MiF, at a rate of 6 g N/m². On average of the 7 year period faba bean increased N uptake of the cereals fertilized with FYM at harvest by 3–4 g/m². Differences between the two application rates were negligible. N-leaching losses increased twofold when faba bean was grown instead of oilseed rape. Growing faba bean after cereals supplied with MiF, too, increased N uptake of the cereals and significantly increased leaching losses.     

Sea salmon sludge as fertilizer: effects on a volcanic soil and annual ryegrass yield and quality

Abstract. To evaluate the effect of sea salmon sludge on soil and ryegrass yield and quality, five treatments were tested (30, 60 and 90 t ha⁻¹ of sludge, inorganic fertilizer and control). The sludge contained 16% dry matter (DM), 0.13% total N and 1.6% P. The sludge increased ryegrass DM yield, P and Na content, but decreased K concentrations in soil and plants. Sludge can be applied successfully on to land, but its addition should be complemented with inorganic nutrients (N, K). The high Na content of the sludge may limit repeated application, but the main benefit is its P content.     

Spring Barley Responses to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Ethephon in Regions with a Short Crop Growing Season

Aspects of intensive management practices such as high N fertilization inputs and plant growth regulator use could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out for four years (1987 to 1990) at Agronomy Research Centre of McGill University, Canada to evaluate the response of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger to N rates (0, 70 and 140 kg N ha⁻¹) and ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) growth regulator treatment. The application of higher than conventional N level (70 kg N ha⁻¹) did not increase barley yields under dry weather conditions and when the soil N resources were high. The high levels of N did increase the grain crude protein concentration by 2 to 10 g kg⁻¹, as did ethephon treatment. The feed quality of spring barley was improved. Ethephon treatment reduced grain yield due to a severe reduction in the number of grains spike⁻¹, and/or 1000-grain weight, although the number of spikes m⁻² was increased. Thus, the overall effect of ethephon treatment on yield was inconsistent and was influenced to a large extent by the prevailing weather conditions.     

走向法肥效试验设计简介

走向法肥效试验设计借助—些有关决定性参数,使试验进程的线性走向具有间断跳跃至目标部位的特点。采用y=A(1—10~(-cx))的经典方程,可满意地达到N、P、K的通常配比的目的。本试验设计采用3×3处理设计方案,其中设一个中心点,作为方案决策的主要意图,其周围设置8个辅助处理,根据不同土壤和耕作条件,随不同的要求而设置,或用作析疑目的。