国内外有机肥标准对比及风险评价

中国是人口最多的发展中国家,生产生活中产生的有机废弃物数量巨大,堆制有机肥是降低有机废物污染风险的重要方式,而有机肥标准则是防止有机肥成为新的土壤污染源,规范有机肥产业健康发展的重要保障。目前我国有机肥不合格现象时有发生,针对有机堆肥的标准仅有一个8年前的行业标准（NY 525—2012）的现状,本文对比了中国、日本、澳大利亚、欧盟、美国有机肥标准的重要指标,对存在的重金属残留、抗生素污染、病原体污染、营养富集及土壤盐渍化等有机肥质量安全风险问题进行分析,为我国有机肥行业未来绿色、健康、可持续发展提出建议。尽管我国现有有机肥质量标准,在具体指标要求方面优于美国,但和欧盟相比还有差距,比如我国重金属Cu、Zn、Ni限量缺失,对Cd等重金属限值要求不够严格,长期施用会导致土壤重金属含量超过风险筛选值,严重影响农作物安全;同时,由于部分畜禽养殖业不合理使用抗生素,加之有机肥生产企业技术的欠缺,农户施用时缺乏指导,监管部门执法不严等因素,我国有机肥施用过程存在较大风险隐患。因此,进一步完善有机肥标准体系,强化对原料中有毒有害物质的限制,要求选用原料批批检,加大准入和过程的落实力度,才能保障我国有机肥产业有序健康发展。     

Crop Nutrient Status and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Balances Obtained in Field Trials Evaluating Different Fertilizer Recommendation Systems on Various Soils and Crops in Hungary

Based on correlations calculated from the database of long-term fertilization experiments carried out in Hungary between 1960 and 2000, a new, cost-saving, and environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system was developed. The aim of the new system is to apply the lowest possible nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) rates required to achieve good yields and maximum income per unit area. The World Phosphorus Institute (IMPHOS) agreed to finance a 3-year program to test various Hungarian fertilizer recommendation systems (the new RISSAC-RIA [Research for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry‐Research Institute for Agriculture] system, the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated soil fertility management system, and the intensive MÉM NAK [Department of Plant Protection and Agricultural Chemistry of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture] system) when applied to three major crops grown on three characteristic Hungarian soils. The first five treatments in the experiment represented a classical deficiency experiment, aimed at checking the correctness of the NPK supply categories determined by the various systems. On all three soils and for all three crops the IMPHOS experiments confirmed the basic principles of the new cost-saving, environmentally friendly fertilizer recommendation system and the correctness of the methods used for calculating fertilizer rates. In this article, diagnostic plant analysis, soil analysis data, and NPK balances obtained in the different recommendations are discussed. In most cases the plant NPK contents of all the recommendations exceeded the lower limits of the good NPK supply category for wheat and barley shoot as well as for corn leaf. Crop NPK contents in Talajer?gazdálkodás and MÉM NAK treatments (with greater recommended NPK doses) were most cases better than in the RISSAC-RIA treatments; however, the better crop NPK status did not result in extra grain yield in the former treatments. Taking into account that similarly high yields were obtained using the RISSAC-RIA system and the Talajer?gazdálkodás integrated system with much smaller NPK doses than those recommended by the intensive MÉM NAK system, it was more advantageous from agronomic, environmental protection, and economic points of view. Differences in PK balances correlated well with the differences in the measured soil ammonium lactate (AL)–PK contents after the third year of the experiment.     

砂土地肥料配施对小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

彩四因子干净人通用旋转设计，研究了砂土地施用有机肥、氮、肥、磷肥和钾肥对小麦产量的作用和对土壤肥力的影响及其施肥因子之间的交互作用和最适配比。结果表明：有机肥、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥与小麦产量呈二次回归关系，砂土地要提高产量和培肥地力应立足于肥料配合施用，重施有机肥，酌情多施磷肥。     

施用磷肥对环境的影响探讨

磷肥的施用与环境质量密切相关。本文讨论了过量施用磷肥加剧了农业非点源污染,农业非点源磷的累积增加了水体富营养化的风险,同时,磷肥中的重金属随磷肥的施用进入土壤环境,对土壤环境质量和农产品品质以及人体健康也有一定的影响。     

施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥对烤烟致香物质和评吸质量的影响

采用大田试验研究了施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥施用量对烤烟致香物质和评吸质量的影响.结果表明,施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥不会降低烟叶中主要致香物质含量和总致香物质含量,以减少化学钾肥14％的处理烟叶总致香物质含量和主要致香物质含量较高;施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥处理烤烟评吸质量较好,经济效益较高.但研究也发现,上述结果具有不稳定性,因此,针对不同烟区生物钾肥的研制和施用还有待于进一步的研究.     

水肥耦合对设施番茄肥料减施效应的影响

为了探索水肥耦合在设施番茄上的应用效果及其对肥料减施的贡献,采用田间试验,设置6个处理,研究了水肥耦合条件下底肥减施20%和40%、灌溉量减少15%的条件下对设施番茄产量、品质和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:中水中肥(W2F2)处理产量最高,显著高于其他处理,产量比高水中肥(W1F2)处理提高2.0%,比常规处理(W1F1)提高4.1%。中水中肥处理番茄可溶性固形物、维生素C、土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量比常规处理分别提高1.5%、5.8%、6.5%、6.3%、4.5%、10.6%。说明中水中肥处理(80%常规施肥+滴灌至田间持水量的85%,每公顷每次施用51kg大量元素水溶肥随水滴灌4次)不仅能提高设施番茄产量,还能在一定程度上提高番茄品质和土壤养分含量,是设施番茄肥料减施最佳处理。     

安岳柠檬专用配方肥试验初报

本文对自行配制的4个柠檬专用配方肥料(N1、N2、N3、N4)进行了效果试验,其增产、抗病效果及对果实的品质影响均优于果农当下施用的肥料。增产效果以N3最好,N1较好,N4最差;品质上从单果均重和柠檬油出油率两个指标看N3最好,N2较好;从抗病效果看N2最好,N3较好,N1次之,为柠檬专用肥生产和施用提供了科学依据。     

干旱对不同地力水平、不同品种小麦生育性状及产量的影响

在相同的水分条件下 ,对不同地力水平、不同品种小麦的生育性状及产量进行比较。研究结果表明 ,小麦品种 9350 31在高肥力条件下表现突出 ,鲁麦 2 1适应性广 ,在中、低肥力地块上表现最佳     

施肥与火鹤叶片营养状况之间的关系

本文研究了施肥与火鹤叶片营养状况之间的关系．结果表明，营养元素的供给情况直接影响着火鹤叶片的生长发育；在北京地区栽培火鹤时，在施用矾肥水的基础上，再增加适量的磷酸二氢钾和硫酸锌，可有效地促进火鹤的生长发育