松嫩平原黑土带保土培肥可持续发展技术体系研究

松嫩平原是黑龙江省主要的商品粮产地,土地的用养结合对黑龙江省农业发展至关重要。研究提出黑土带保土培肥可持续发展技术体系,从土壤耕作、作物种植方式、田间水分和肥料管理等6个方面进行了全方位的设计。     

Transformation of Phosphorus in Forest and Savannah Agro-Ecological Alfisols incubated with Different Phosphorus Fertilizers,in Ekiti state,Southwestern Nigeria

Experiments on incubation with phosphorus (P) changes in two Nigerian Alfisols, were evaluated on the effectiveness of P sources (ground phosphate rock, GRP-9% P, Pace-setter Organo-Mineral Fertilizer (PR-fortified P-S-OM, 11% P and single superphosphate, SSP-7.7% P, for reference). All samples were adjusted to water tension measured at M Ψ w = 0.03 MPa. Changes in applied P were evaluated at 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks after which data were analyzed using analysis of variance and correlations. Over 24 weeks of incubation, SSP transformed mostly into iron (Fe)-bound P and GPR produced the highest inorganic phosphate ions and transformed largely into the soluble and more chemically stable residual P, in both soils. This fraction, had high and positive correlations (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) with soil properties and constituted a major source and sinks of plant available P. Thus, GPR contributing beneficial effects of residual phosphates.     

基于胶粘物质的肥料控释装置的方案设计及其养分释放模拟

该文提出了可应用于农田的肥料控释装置方案设计,此装置由肥料主管道和养分释放分管道组成,选取天然、半天然高分子材料壳聚糖和果胶作为释放分管道的胶粘物质,在实验室条件下检测了其控释效果,结果表明:养分主要呈线性释放,装置具有良好控释效果.利用Fick第一扩散定律和欧姆定律模拟了装置养分的释放,结果表明:养分的释放主要受扩散系数或物阻率、扩散面积、胶粘物质厚度等因素影响.该模型表明,养分是呈线性释放的,和实测结果相一致,并由此计算出了胶粘物质的控释参数:扩散系数或物阻率,为实际应用提供了理论基础.     

精准变量施肥机的研制与试验

该文针对传统均匀施肥，没有考虑土壤肥力不一致的特点，介绍了一种可与国产拖拉机配套实现变量施肥的施肥机，该施肥机在GPS导航系统的帮助下可以按照预先设计的处方图实现变量施肥。机械采用国产的普通外槽轮作为变量施肥机的肥料计量装置，通过调整外槽轮的转动速度达到调整肥料量的目的。对变量施肥机械在田间的作业原理和机械的基本结构进行了详尽的介绍。针对变量施肥机施用肥料的种类不同，试验了在不同槽轮转速情况下，使用不同肥料排肥数量的变化情况。试验证明在施用尿素时要增加槽轮的排肥槽长度，在施用磷酸二铵等不规则的肥料时，应力求减少排肥槽轮的长度，通过增加槽轮转速达到提高排肥计量系统的精度。     

环保型长效化肥聚脲甲醛的合成研究

合成了环保型长效聚脲甲醛化肥 ,并对其合成的全过程进行了研究 ,结果表明反应温度为50℃～ 6 0℃ ,反应的第一阶段 pH值为 8,反应的第二阶段 pH值小于 4时 ,能获得较高产率的制品 ,最后对产物进行了表征     

基于SPAD值的大白菜氮素营养诊断和推荐施肥模型研究

以大白菜卵圆型品种"锦抗1号"和直筒型品种"乡情80"为试材,在6个氮肥水平下,研究了叶片SPAD值与氮素营养诊断指标、施氮量的关系以及施氮量对产量的影响。结果表明:在大白菜莲座期和结球期,2个品种的叶片SPAD值与氮素营养诊断指标及施氮量有很好的相关性;2个生育期"锦抗1号"的临界SPAD值分别为40.45、42.45,"乡情80"的临界SPAD值分别为38.57、40.36;建立了基于叶片SPAD值的大白菜氮肥推荐施肥模型。综上所述,大白菜叶片SPAD值可以作为氮素营养诊断指标,并能推荐氮肥的施用。     

超大颗粒肥水田气力深施加速器设计及参数优化

为解决水稻撒施追肥存在的肥料流失、利用率低及机械深施肥工作部件易堵塞、伤根等问题,该研究设计了一种用于水田深施追肥机的超大颗粒肥气力式加速器。该加速器利用双螺旋高压气流,在其与肥料上端构成的近封闭空间内加速超大颗粒肥,实现其高速射入泥壤,并可避免肥料颗粒与管壁碰撞;出口设置渐扩管扩散气流,可减轻对泥壤的冲击,提高施肥位置的稳定性。根据超大颗粒肥参数与加速器功能要求,确定了加速器的结构参数,并根据肥料入泥深度所需的射出速度,分析确定了加速器的工作参数。在此基础上,基于Fluent软件的六自由度重叠动网格建立了加速器仿真模型,以进口气流速度、螺旋角和加速管直径为试验因素,进行单因素仿真试验与三因素三水平Box Behnken组合仿真试验,研究各因素对肥料射出速度与气流扩散率的影响。多因素试验分析及响应面分析结果表明,加速器的最佳工作参数为进口气流速度47 m/s、加速管直径21 mm、螺旋进气口螺旋角43°。在此条件下进行台架验证试验,得到肥料射出速度均值为12.61 m/s,出口气流扩散率均值为85.5%,肥料入泥平均深度为4.68 cm,达到了水稻追肥要求。该研究可为超大颗粒肥水田气力深施追肥机设计提供参考。     

有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌肥对玉米产量与复垦土壤磷素有效性的影响

复垦土壤贫瘠,磷素含量极低,严重影响作物的生长发育。研究化肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌对玉米产量和复垦土壤磷素形态以及酶活性的影响,为加速培肥矿区复垦土壤提供技术支持和理论依据。该研究在山西省晋中市采煤塌陷区进行了2a的定位培肥试验,共设置7个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）、化肥配施荧光假单胞菌（CFB）、单施有机肥（M）、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌（MB）、化肥配施有机肥（MCF）、化肥有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌（MCFB）。采集各处理土壤样品测定相关指标,并通过相关性分析和结构方程模型来探究各形态磷与有效磷以及土壤磷酸酶之间的关系。结果表明：1）在整个试验周期（2021—2022年）,与CK相比,不同施肥处理均能显著提高玉米产量以及各形态磷素。其中,以MB处理下的玉米产量、有效磷、磷活化系数、不稳定态磷以及部分不稳定态磷含量最高,与CK处理相比,玉米产量显著提高2.4倍,有效磷含量、磷活化系数值、不稳定态磷含量、部分不稳定态磷含量分别显著提高4.5倍、4.67倍、0.98倍、1.16倍。2）与CK处理相比,化肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌能够显著提高土壤微生物量磷以及酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,配施荧光假单胞菌后,微生物量磷水平和碱性磷酸酶活性均以MB较M处理提升效果最佳,分别显著提高27.08%和9.56%。3）结合相关性分析以及结构方程模型,随着荧光假单胞菌和化肥有机肥的施入,在提高不稳定态磷素含量的同时也提高有效磷的供应能力,促进磷素在农田生态系统中的循环转化,产生积极的正向影响。化肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌能够一定程度上影响复垦土壤玉米产量及产量性状、各形态磷素及有效性和微生物活性,对复垦土壤脆弱的农田生态系统产生积极影响。     

不同施肥配比对大头菜产量的影响

采取随机区组设计,研究了大头菜合理施肥量,结果表明三穗县适合大头菜种植的最佳施肥量为：667m2施复混肥50kg,生态肥150kg,最高产量达1888kg/667m2.     

Crop yield and grain quality of emmer populations grown in central Italy, as affected by nitrogen fertilization

The increasing demand for traditional and natural foods has renewed the interest in hulled wheat species. Among these, Triticum dicoccum Schübler has survived in Italy only in a few hilly and mountainous areas of central and southern Italy. As a rule, emmer is cultivated in marginal areas with organic farming procedures that use very low N inputs, since this wild species is characterised by low yield, long and weak culms that easily lodge under windy conditions. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information on crop productivity and N effect for this crop. Research was carried out to study the effect of cultivation year (2004 and 2005), plant origin (Garfagnana, Leonessa and Molise) and N dressing (N₀, N₃₀, N₆₀ and N₉₀ kg ha⁻¹) on crop yield and grain quality of emmer grown in south-central Italy. Fertilizer was split at seeding, tillering and stem elongation. Tested parameters were highly influenced either by crop origin or N application (biomass, hulled and threshed grain yield, spikes m⁻², spikelets per spike, kernel weight, plant height, lodging, kernel ash and proteins). Several parameters augmented as fertilization rate increased (hulled and unhulled grain yield, biomass accumulation, spikes m⁻², kernels m⁻², protein content); 1000-kernel weight showed an opposite trend and in some cases no differences were noticed among fertilized treatments (plant height and spikelets per spike). Molise was the most productive population, closely followed by Garfagnana. The present research rejected some common belief that emmer has to be grown without N dressing, and crop undergoes lodging in marginal mountainous areas. Besides, grain yield of N₉₀ and N₆₀ treated emmer was only 6 and 18% lower compared to the five most important durum wheat varieties cultivated in the same area, suggesting emmer as a possible alternative crop to durum wheat in marginal areas of Mediterranean-type agro-ecosystems.