2种方法在荒漠草原植物种群分布格局中的适用性比较

研究首次比较了2种方法在测定荒漠草原6种植物种群分布格局中的适用性.结果表明,方差均值比率法及聚集强度指数法中的多个指数都适合于这6种植物分布格局的计算.但其中的聚块性指数法的运算难度较大,宜慎用.比较结果这6种植物种群皆为聚集分布,但聚集程度有所差别.     

不同草种对土著AM真菌的生长和群落结构的影响

以果园生草栽培为背景,果园土壤中土著AM真菌为研究对象,考察了柱花草、百喜草和藿香蓟对与之根系共生的AM真菌的生长与群落结构的影响。结果表明,柱花草根系的侵染率(62.2%)显著高于百喜草(36.5%)和藿香蓟(37.3%),丛枝率有相似的趋势;3种草地上部的生物量和含磷量没有差异,但是柱花草根系含磷量显著高于百喜草和藿香蓟;柱花草根际土壤中AM真菌的菌种丰度和菌丝密度均小于百喜草和藿香蓟,但是孢子密度大于藿香蓟而小于百喜草;藿香蓟根际土著AM真菌群落的多样性指数略高于柱花草和百喜草;PCR-DGGE分析结果与之吻合。试验表明,在果园土壤中,不同草种根际的土著AM真菌群落结构并不相同,在选择草种进行生草栽培的过程中应该考虑这些不同。     

MHC及其在动物遗传与育种方面的应用

主要组织相容性复合体(Major histocompatibility complex,MHC)不仅与移植排斥反应有关,而且还与动物的一些经济性状密切相关。文章主要阐述了MHC的结构、功能和遗传特性,并且介绍了MHC基因作为遗传标记在动物遗传与育种方面的应用。     

秦岭羚牛角结构与功能的研究

通过对秦岭羚牛的野外观察发现,秦岭羚牛头上长有2只洞角,在与雄性同类个体争偶打斗时,角的使用方式与非争偶的打斗不同;在争偶打斗时,角的前缘具有瞄准对方的作用,通过分析计算羚牛角的前缘也证明了不争偶的雌性与争偶的雄性此处存在差异。     

贺兰山野生有蹄类动物的经济价值及种群动态变化

记述了贺兰山的4种野生有蹄类动物——马麝、马鹿、岩羊、鹅喉羚的经济价值及目前的种群动态变化,对贺兰山野生有蹄类动物的种群致危原因进行了分析,并据此提出了相应的保护管理建议。     

蛋清粉凝胶性与凝胶稳定性的研究

研究蛋清粉在贮藏期间所成凝胶的质构、持水性以及微观结构的变化。结果显示,蛋清粉的凝胶硬度、弹性、粘结性、持水性分别为346g/cm2、0.905、0.382、52.00%,25℃下贮藏180d后,蛋清粉的凝胶硬度与粘结性较贮藏初期并无显著性变化(P>0.05),而凝胶弹性与持水性与贮藏初期相比差异性显著(P<0.05)。蛋清粉的溶解性随贮藏时间的延长呈下降趋势,但降幅很小,25℃下贮藏180d时与贮藏初期相比无显著性差异(P=0.154)。500倍扫描电镜(SEM)下观察蛋清粉所成凝胶,其结构空隙很大,分布疏松,随贮藏时间的延长无明显变化。研究结果表明,贮藏时间与温度对蛋清粉的溶解性影响很小,而对蛋清粉的凝胶性影响较大,含水量是影响蛋清粉凝胶稳定性的重要因素。     

蜘蛛丝蛋白基因工程的研究进展

蜘蛛丝是一种天然蛋白纤维。由于蜘蛛丝蛋白特殊的序列结构,使其具有独特的理化性能、力学性能及超收缩性能和优良的生物学性能。随着蜘蛛丝在多领域功能性材料应用价值的发掘,蜘蛛丝蛋白基因工程研究不断深入。简要介绍了蜘蛛丝的性能,重点综述蜘蛛丝蛋白序列基本结构和外源表达的研究,以及重组蜘蛛丝蛋白在多种宿主(包括细菌、酵母、植物、动物细胞及家蚕)中表达的研究进展,希冀通过基因工程的手段获得蛛丝蛋白并进行规模化开发生产得到更深入的研究与关注。     

Analysis of genetic diversity in Bolivian llama populations using microsatellites

South American camelids (SACs) have a major role in the maintenance and potential future of rural Andean human populations. More than 60% of the 3.7 million llamas living worldwide are found in Bolivia. Due to the lack of studies focusing on genetic diversity in Bolivian llamas, this analysis investigates both the genetic diversity and structure of 12 regional groups of llamas that span the greater part of the range of distribution for this species in Bolivia. The analysis of 42 microsatellite markers in the considered regional groups showed that, in general, there were high levels of polymorphism (a total of 506 detected alleles; average PIC across per marker: 0.66), which are comparable with those reported for other populations of domestic SACs. The estimated diversity parameters indicated that there was high intrapopulational genetic variation (average number of alleles and average expected heterozygosity per marker: 12.04 and 0.68, respectively) and weak genetic differentiation among populations (F_ST range: 0.003–0.052). In agreement with these estimates, Bolivian llamas showed a weak genetic structure and an intense gene flow between all the studied regional groups, which is due to the exchange of reproductive males between the different flocks. Interestingly, the groups for which the largest pairwise F_ST estimates were observed, Sud Lípez and Nor Lípez, showed a certain level of genetic differentiation that is probably due to the pattern of geographic isolation and limited communication infrastructures of these southern localities. Overall, the population parameters reported here may serve as a reference when establishing conservation policies that address Bolivian llama populations.     

Genetic diversity decreases as population density declines: Implications of temporal variation in mitochondrial haplotype frequencies in a natural population of Tscherskia triton

Although the spatial genetic differentiation that occurs in animal populations has been extensively studied, information on temporal variations in genetic structure and diversity is still lacking, especially for animals with oscillating populations. In the present study, we used the mtDNA D‐loop sequence to assess the temporal genetic variation in samples from six successive years for the greater long‐tailed hamster, Tscherskia triton. Sampling was carried out between 1998 and 2003 in cropland on the North China Plain, China. A total of 108 individuals were analyzed. The temporal samples showed a high level of genetic diversity. Substantial genetic changes in haplotype frequencies over time were detected for the hamster population. Random genetic drift and migration are likely to be the major factors responsible for the observed temporal pattern. The genetic diversity of the hamster population was higher in years with higher population density, and lower in years with lower population density. The result supports our hypothesis that genetic diversity decreases when population density declines in animals whose population oscillates greatly between years. The combined effects of inbreeding and genetic drift caused by reproduction, dispersal and population size might play important roles in the observed changes in genetic structure and diversity between years.     

试论草畜业在甘肃农业经济结构调整中的重要地位

通过分析近年来草畜业在甘肃省农业经济结构调整中的特点,认为草畜业已成为农业经济中最具活力的一个新型产业,是农业经济结构调整的重要突破口.同时,提出了大力发展草畜业的对策和建议.