Effects of particle size on the quality attributes of reconstituted whole-wheat flour and tortillas made from it

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of whole-wheat flour (WWF) particle size on the quality attributes of WWF tortillas. WWF samples of different particle size distributions from commercial U.S. hard white (median diameters: 175.7, 128.6, 120.0, 108.5 and 102.4 μm), hard red winter (median diameters: 173.7, 133.6, 124.3, 110.8 and 104.2 μm) and hard red spring (median diameters: 173.7, 132.1, 124.7, 112.9, 106.3 μm) wheat classes were obtained by fine grinding of bran and shorts and re-combining with the rest of fractions. For all three wheat classes, as WWF median particle size decreased, the L* (lightness) value decreased but the adjusted damaged starch, polyphenol oxidase activity, and a* and b* values increased. Mixolab data showed that development time decreased as WWF particle size was reduced, while stability time and starch retrogradation increased. As for WWF tortilla quality, the breaking force and extensibility increased with decreasing particle size from ∼175 to 129–134 μm, but diameter and thickness were not significantly affected. The results indicated that reducing the median particle sizes of WWFs from ∼175 μm to ∼130 μm would significantly improve the WWF tortilla quality.     

Synthetic tetramer of a Phytophthora sojae-inducible fragment from soybean GmaSKTI36 promoter improves its pathogen induction activities

Using pathogen-induced promoters to control expression of the functional genes in transgenic plants may greatly increase the chances of boosting disease resistance. However, the number of the inducible promoters is limited. Here, we found that soybean GmaSKTI36 gene is strongly induced upon Phytophthora sojae infection. Functional analysis showed that its promoter could mediate rapid and strong induction of GUS expression upon pathogen infection in both Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and soybean hairy roots. Then, a 122 bp fragment that was critical to the activity was successfully identified by a progressive 5′ deletion analysis. Importantly, we found that a synthetic promoter by tetramerizing this fragment could confer strong P. sojae induction activities. Overall, the results suggested that the GmaSKTI36 promoter, the 122 bp fragment, and the synthetic promoter are potentially useful pathogen-inducible promoters.     

Biochemical responses to ultraviolet‐C radiation and methyl jasmonate in Pinus radiata seedlings that accompany induced resistance to Diplodia pinea

Irradiation of Pinus radiata seedlings with ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) radiation or spray application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) each resulted in induced resistance to subsequent wound inoculation with Diplodia pinea. Induced resistance was expressed by lower incidence of disease and by reduced size of stem lesions than in untreated seedlings. UV‐C was more effective than MeJA and the induced resistance was greatest in seedlings that were irradiated with UV‐C for 60 min, 1 week before pathogen inoculation. Induced resistance in the UV‐C treated stems was concomitant with increases in peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity but showed no correlation with concentrations of α‐pinene and β‐pinene or total phenolics. Furthermore, POX induction in stem tissue was cumulative and was greatest after three repeat treatments with UV‐C at 6, 3 and 1 week before inoculation. In contrast to UV‐C, MeJA induced a significant increase in β‐pinene concentration in stem tissue but did not affect PPO activity. POX activity was induced by MeJA in stems, although to a lesser extent than by UV‐C, but was not affected in needles. This appears to be the first report demonstrating the use of UV‐C radiation to induce resistance to fungal infection in a coniferous species. The implications of the underlying differences between UV‐C‐ and MeJA‐mediated resistance to D. pinea are discussed.     

豇豆与锈菌互作中的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性及其与抗性的关系

测定了具有不同抗性水平的5个豇豆Vigna sesquipdalis Wight品种在受锈菌Uromyces vignae Barcl侵染前和侵染后的若干阶段中的多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,并分析其与抗性的关系.结果表明,在接种后24h内,免疫和抗病品种的PPO比活性及其变化率均高于感病品种,且前者PPO比活性变化率高峰出现早,后者出现迟.在接种后,各品种的POD比活性及其变化率均上升,但中抗和感病品种的高峰出现早,免疫和高抗品种出现晚.此外,中抗和感病品种的POD比活性及其变化率在接种12h左右出现高峰后立即下降,而高抗品种的则持续上升至24h左右出现高峰,免疫品种的POD比活性也在24h左右出现高峰,但其POD比活性变化率则持续到48h左右达到高峰,且免疫和抗病品种的峰值明显大于感病品种.     

绿茶浸提动态的研究

以成品绿茶为研究对象,从浸提温度,浸提时间,茶叶级别和用水量４个因子发,对浸提过程中茶沁有效成分－水浸出物,茶多酚,氨基酸和,咖啡等的动态变化进行了研究。     

Tea polyphenols increase the antioxidant status of laying hens fed diets with different levels of ageing corn

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ageing corn levels (stored for 4 years) with or without the supplementation of tea polyphenols (TPP) on the performance, egg quality and antioxidant status of laying hens. A total of 288 Lohmann commercial laying hens (63-week-old) were used under a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 4 levels of dietary ageing corn (0%, 25%, 50%, or 100%) and 2 levels of TPP (0 and 600 mg/kg) for 8 wk. Dietary ageing corn linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the egg production, serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of laying hens, yolk index, yolk colour, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) value and the reducing power value of egg yolk, but it linearly increased (P < 0.05) the feed conversion rate, ovary malondialdehyde (MDA) content of laying hens, and the protein carbonyl content of egg yolk. Tea polyphenol supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the serum T-AOC, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), liver SOD, liver GSH-Px, ovary SOD, GSH-Px, the expression of antioxidant-related genes of laying hens, albumen height, Haugh unit, DPPH value and the majority free amino acids of egg yolk, but it decreased (P < 0.05) the serum MDA content of laying hens, MDA and protein carbonyl of egg yolk. In conclusion, the ageing corn significantly reduced the performance, egg quality, antioxidant status and egg antioxidant capacity of laying hens, while TPP supplementation partially counteracted the adverse effects, especially antioxidant status and egg antioxidant capacity of laying hens.     

桃多酚氧化酶的纯化及其特性

为延长桃果实货架寿命及提高贮藏保鲜技术,以5年生早花露桃果实为试材,对桃多酚氧化酶的纯化及其特性进行了研究,结果表明采用疏水柱层析,透析与PEG浓缩,纯化了早花露桃的多酚氧化酶.所得的酶液经薄层聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳,显示单一条带,等电点为3.0.经SDS-PAGE分析,它由2条主要多肽(相对分子质量(MW)分别为3.98×104,6.59×104)和2条含量较少的多肽(MW为6.67×104,6.76×104)所组成.纯化酶液的最高吸收峰在波长272.5nm处,300nm以上几乎无吸收.该酶对邻位二元酚有较高亲和力,几乎不能催化一元酚和三元酚的氧化.以儿茶酚为底物,其最适pH为7.0,最适反应温度20℃.在果实生长发育过程中,多酚氧化酶活性呈下降趋势,中期有一活性相对较小的峰,同时,多酚氧化酶疏水特性增强.     

葡萄疏果多酚类含量及体外抗氧化活性研究

葡萄含有一系列对人体健康有利的成分,葡葡多酚是其中重要的活性物质。针对疏果天然活性成分的开发利用,可以实现废弃物的再利用,本文以13个葡萄品种疏下来的果实为研究对象,分析了疏果中多酚和黄酮含量。通过测定其DPPH自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力、还原力来评价葡萄疏果中多酚类物质的功能活性,分析了功能性组分与活性间的关系。结果显示,摩尔多瓦、A17、金手指的多酚和黄酮含量明显高于其他品种,并且其抗氧化活性也优于其他品种。     

蜜柚多酚氧化酶的酶学特性与活性测定研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法在420nm处测定蜜柚多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,研究底物浓度、pH、温度及酶液浓度对PPO活性的影响,并建立了酶促褐变反应动力学方程。结果表明:蜜柚多酚氧化酶的酶促反应符合米氏方程所描述的单底物酶促反应动力学,以邻苯二酚为底物的最大反应速度为:Vmax=22.452U/min,Km=128.2mmol/L。蜜柚多酚氧化酶作用的最适pH6.4,最适温度为10℃。不同时间的蜜柚多酚氧化酶的平均活性呈逐渐下降的趋势。     

兰州百合多酚提取工艺优化研究

以多酚得率为优化指标,对兰州百合中多酚的提取工艺进行研究,通过单因素试验考查了溶剂类型、料液比、溶剂体积分数、超声功率、提取温度和提取液pH值对提取多酚得率的影响,在此基础上,为得到最优的兰州百合多酚提取条件,对乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取液pH值和超声功率4因素进行正交试验,结果得出兰州百合多酚提取最佳工艺参数组合为:乙醇浓度80%、提取温度40 ℃、提取pH值7、超声功率500 W,其多酚的萃取量为100.27 mg/g。