稗草对二氯喹啉酸抗性研究进展

生长素类除草剂二氯喹啉酸在我国使用了20多年,目前,稻田稗草对二氯喹啉酸产生了抗性,抗二氯喹啉酸稗草逐渐成为我国南北稻区的防除难题。稗草抗二氯喹啉酸机理比较复杂,从稗草感知二氯喹啉酸到产生氰化物的过程是通过生长素信号通路到乙烯信号通路传导的,期间发生了复杂的基因调控和相关酶的从头合成。最新研究认为,稗草主要通过提高氰化物解毒酶——氰丙氨酸合成酶(β-CAS)的活性和控制有毒氰化物的产量产生抗药性。本文综述了二氯喹啉酸的除草机理与稗草对二氯喹啉酸抗性这两个密切相关问题的研究进展。     

A European biotype of Amaranthus retroflexus cross-resistant to ALS inhibitors and response to alternative herbicides

An acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐resistant Amaranthus retroflexus biotype was collected in a soyabean crop after repeated exposure to imazethapyr and thifensulfuron‐methyl in north‐eastern Italy. Studies were conducted to characterise the resistance status and determine alternative post‐emergence herbicides for controlling this biotype. Whole‐plant bioassay revealed that the GR₅₀ values were 1898‐ and 293‐fold higher than those observed for the biotype susceptible to imazethapyr and imazamox respectively. The biotype also displayed high cross‐resistance to sulfonylureas. Molecular analysis demonstrated that a single nucleotide substitution had occurred in domain B (TGG to TTG at position 574), conferring a change from the amino acid tryptophan to leucine in the resistant biotype. However, herbicides with other modes of action (PSII, 4‐HPPD and PPO inhibitors) provided excellent control. The GR₅₀ ratios for metribuzin, terbuthylazine and mesotrione were close to 1 and treatments with fomesafen gave 100% control of both susceptible and resistant biotypes at the recommended field dose. This study documents the first case of an imidazolinone and ALS‐resistant biotype in European crops and identifies the post‐emergence herbicide options available for managing this troublesome weed in soyabean crops. Alternative management strategies are also discussed.     

玉米籽粒灌浆速率研究进展

玉米的产量很大程度上受灌浆阶段干物质积累量的影响,灌浆期长短和灌浆速率决定了粒重和产量水平,而灌浆速率受相关基因或QTL以及栽培条件共同调控,表现出复杂的动态变化特征。从灌浆速率的生理代谢、关键酶活性以及遗传与环境等方面概述了玉米籽粒灌浆速率的研究进展。探究玉米籽粒灌浆的分子调控机制将为玉米高产育种提供必要的理论依据。     

Selection for resistance to the herbicide imazethapyr in somaclones of soyabean

Cultivars of soyabean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] resistant to the herbicide imazethapyr were identified by suspending the roots of 5-day-old seedlings in nutrient culture containing 2.5 mg a.i. L^–1 imazethapyr and then comparing the inhibitory effect on root length and shoot dry weight. The four most resistant cultivars were subsequently screened as regenerating tissue cultures in a medium containing 2.0 mg a.i. L^–l imazethapyr to select somaclonal cells with increased resistance. Surviving portions of cultures were regenerated to give shoots, the plants isolated, allowed to flower and seed. These progeny were then used for further seed multiplication and seedlings from this latter generation were exposed to imazethapyr in vivo and callus and cell suspension cultures derived from these seedlings were exposed to imazethapyr in vitro . A reduction in the inhibitory effect of the imazethapyr was noted in the somaclone seedlings and tissue cultures. However, measurement of acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity showed no differences among the parent cultivars and in the selected somaclones in this trait.     

烟碱酰胺合成酶基因的原核表达及多克隆抗体制备

以重组克隆质粒p0390-MF-NASHOR1为模板,通过聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增出烟碱酰胺合成酶基因(nas)片段并将其克隆到原核表达载体pGEM-KG中,获得重组表达质粒pKG-NAS。将此重组表达载体质粒转化到大肠杆菌DH5α中,经异丙基-β-D硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG)诱导表达。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)结果显示,烟碱酰胺合成酶基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达,表达的烟碱酰胺合成酶融合蛋白分子量大约为61 kDa。将初步的纯化产物作为免疫原去免疫新西兰大白兔制备兔抗烟碱酰胺合成酶血清,用蛋白免疫印迹法(western blot-ting)对制备的兔抗血清中的多克隆抗体进行了鉴定,显示该抗体具有较好的特异性。烟碱酰胺合成酶基因多克隆抗体的成功制备为检测该基因在草坪草中的表达提供了可靠的手段和技术平台,为进一步阐明该基因的作用机理奠定了基础。     

大青杨纤维素合酶PuCesA 7基因片段的克隆及序列分析

本研究以大青杨叶片总DNA为模板,用已登录的欧洲颤杨PtrCesA7保守序列设计引物,进行TD-PCR扩增并将得到的片段克隆到pMD18-T载体中。测序结果分析表明,片段长2341bp将该基因片段命名为PuCesA7。经BLASTX比对,此片段包含6个编码区,共1248bp,编码416个氨基酸。并与欧洲颤杨的PtrCesA7基因的同源性为98%,证明克隆的片段为纤维素合酶基因。将该片段与GenBank中登录的玉米(Zea mays)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)、欧洲颤杨(Populus tremuloides)、新西兰辐射松(Pinups radiata D.Don)同源纤维素合酶基因序列比对并进行进化树分析。结果表明,大青杨纤维素合酶基因片段均与它们的亲缘关系较远。     

Hydrogen sulfide regulates the expression of nitric oxide/nitric oxide synthase system during recurrent febrile seizures

AIM: To explore the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on nitric oxide (NO)/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) system during recurrent febrile seizures (FS). METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats aged 21 days were randomly divided into four groups: control group (37.0 ℃ water, n=8); FS group (45.2 ℃ water, n=8); FS+NaHS group (45.2 ℃ water, n=8), FS+HA (hydroxylamine) group (45.2 ℃ water, n=8). FS in rats were induced ten times in a bath of warm water, once every 2 days. The plasma level of H2S and NO was detected by the spectrophotometer method. The expression of NOS mRNA was examined by in situ hybridization. The expression of nNOS protein was observed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The plasma level of NO decreased significantly in FS+NaHS group while elevated obviously in FS+HA group compared with that in FS group. At the same time, the expression of nNOS down-regulated in FS+NaHS group while up-regulated in FS+HA group compared with that in FS group. CONCLUSION: H2S down-regulated the expression of NO/NOS system during recurrent FS.     

Effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on activity and protein expression of NOS in rats with cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury

AIM: To observe the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. METHODS: SD rats were applied to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by 24 h of reperfusion. The rats were randomly divided into sham-operation group, I/R group and ginsenoside Rg1 pretreatment groups. The rats in ginsenoside Rg1 pretreatment groups were pretreated with ginsenoside Rg1 at doses of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg once a day for 7 days and then subject to MCAO. The neurological deficit score was measured by Longa's method. The neurons were observed with Nissel staining. The nitric oxide (NO) content, the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) in the brain tissues were determined. The expression of neuronal NOS(nNOS) and iNOS was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with sham-operation group, ginsenoside Rg1 significantly reduced the neurological deficit score and increased the neuron number in the hippocampus. The activity of NOS and iNOS, and NO content were decreased. Ginsenoside Rg1 also down-regulated the expression of nNOS and iNOS. CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside Rg1 has protective effect on the brain during cerebral I/R injury in rats. The mechanism may be related to reducing the content of NO and the activiy of NOS dose-dependently.     

野生一粒小麦糖原合成酶激酶基因TbGSK1的克隆与分析

根据普通小麦糖原合成酶激酶基因序列设计引物,以野生一粒小麦cDNA为模板,利用RT-PCR技术,扩增出野生一粒小麦糖原合成酶激酶基因的cDNA序列,克隆到T载体上并进行测序。结果显示,该基因全长1543bp,开放阅读框1068bp,编码一个由355个氨基酸组成的蛋白。Southern blot分析显示,其在野生一粒小麦基因组中为单拷贝基因。该基因与普通小麦、玉米、烟草、苜蓿、拟南芥等植物的糖原合成酶激酶基因序列同源性分别达到94.1%、91.3%、83.2%、81.5%、72.8%。