转录组解析白三叶根际溶磷菌株RW8的解磷机制

采用转录组测序的方法分析了白三叶根际溶磷菌RW8在含有难溶磷(A组)、可溶磷(B组)与无磷(C组)培养条件下差异基因表达。以可溶磷为对照,在难溶磷条件下,分别检测到4782个基因在RW8中上调表达,447个基因下调表达;在无磷组中,共检测到3630个基因上调表达,209个基因下调表达。GO基因注释发现RW8在A组和C组中的差异基因聚类基本相同。生物学过程主要聚类在代谢过程、细胞过程、单细胞过程、刺激应答、定位以及生物反应调节;细胞组分主要聚类在细胞组分、细胞膜、膜组分与高分子配合体等;分子功能主要聚类在催化活性、结合功能与转运功能。代谢途径分析发现2-α-氧代羧、α-亚麻酸、五碳二元酸、脂肪酸、甘氨酸-丝氨酸-蛋氨酸以及缬氨酸-亮氨酸-异亮氨酸等代谢途径的基因显著被富集。挑选10个差异基因并用荧光定量检测其在A、B、C 3种不同培养条件下的基因表达,发现所有挑选基因的表达变化与转录组结果变化趋势相同。液相色谱检测有机酸组成及含量,发现在A组和C组中乳酸、琥珀酸与柠檬酸显著高于B组,富马酸与苹果酸的含量在C组中显著升高, A组与B组差异不显著;α-酮戊二酸的含量在A组中显著增高, B组和C组差异不显著。     

Comparison of sampling sites and detection methods for Haemophilus parasuis

Objective To improve the isolation rate and identification procedures for Haemophilus parasuis from pig tissues. Design Thirteen sampling sites and up to three methods were used to confirm the presence of H. parasuis in pigs after experimental challenge. Procedure Colostrum‐deprived, naturally farrowed pigs were challenged intratracheally with H parasuis serovar 12 or 4. Samples taken during necropsy were either inoculated onto culture plates, processed directly for PCR or enriched prior to being processed for PCR. The recovery of H parasuis from different sampling sites and using different sampling methods was compared for each serovar. Results H parasuis was recovered from several sample sites for all serovar 12 challenged pigs, while the trachea was the only positive site for all pigs following serovar 4 challenge. The method of solid medium culture of swabs, and confirmation of the identity of cultured bacteria by PCR, resulted in 38% and 14% more positive results on a site basis for serovars 12 and 4, retrospectively, than direct PCR on the swabs. This difference was significant in the serovar 12 challenge. Conclusion Conventional culture proved to be more effective in detecting H parasuis than direct PCR or PCR on enrichment broths. For subacute (serovar 4) infections, the most successful sites for culture or direct PCR were pleural fluid, peritoneal fibrin and fluid, lung and pericardial fluid. For acute (serovar 12) infections, the best sites were lung, heart blood, affected joints and brain. The methodologies and key sampling sites identified in this study will enable improved isolation of H parasuis and aid the diagnosis of Glässer's disease.     

对禾草源同型发酵和/或异型发酵乳酸菌发酵无芒雀麦青贮有氧稳定性的评价

本研究旨在评价禾草源同型发酵和/或异型发酵乳酸菌发酵对无芒雀麦青贮有氧稳定性的作用效果。将从禾本科牧草上分离筛选出的2株同型发酵植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和蒙氏肠球菌(Enterococcus mundtti)及1株异型发酵布氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus buchneri)制成发酵剂。选用开花期无芒雀麦,刈割切段至2~3 cm,根据所喷发酵剂菌株的不同,分为4个处理:1)对照处理(con处理),喷洒无菌去离子水;2)异型发酵处理(he处理),喷洒布氏乳杆菌液;3)同型发酵处理(ho处理),喷洒植物乳杆菌和蒙氏肠球菌混合液(2种菌1∶1混合);4)同型发酵+异型发酵处理(he+ho处理),喷洒布氏乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和蒙氏肠球菌混合液(3种菌1∶1∶1混合)。各处理喷洒量均为10 m L/kg鲜牧草,喷洒总菌数约为5×105CFU/g鲜牧草,每个处理设5个重复。实验室常温发酵60 d后开封,通过测定无芒雀麦青贮营养成分、菌群数量及中心温度变化评价其有氧稳定性。结果显示:经60 d青贮发酵后,4个处理的p H均较青贮前显著降低(P0.05),所有处理发酵效果均较好(p H≤4.3),尤以ho处理效果最优。而在有氧暴露试验期间,con和ho处理的p H迅速增加,至第8天时达到7以上;he+ho处理p H增加幅度略低于con和ho处理,其p H至第8天时为6.3,显著低于con和ho处理(P0.05);he处理p H增加非常缓慢,至第8天时仅为4.4,显著低于其他处理(P0.05)。经60 d青贮发酵后,可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量以ho处理最高,显著高于其他处理(P0.05);con处理最低,显著低于其他处理(P0.05)。而在有氧暴露试验期间,WSC含量在ho处理中迅速降低,在he处理中缓慢降低;至第8天时,WSC含量以he处理最高,he+ho处理显著低于前者(P0.05),而con和ho处理则显著低于he和he+ho处理(P0.05)。青贮发酵后霉菌数量明显受到抑制,且以单独添加异型发酵乳酸菌和混合添加同型发酵和异型发酵乳酸菌时抑制效果较优,这2个处理均未检出霉菌,且he+ho处理在有氧暴露至第5天时仍未检出霉菌,he处理在有氧暴露至第8天时仍未检出霉菌。在有氧暴露第3和5天时,he和he+ho处理酵母菌数量显著低于con、ho处理(P0.05)。在有氧暴露第8天时,he+ho与he处理的乳酸、乙酸浓度均显著高于另2个处理(P0.05)。he、he+ho、con和ho处理的有氧稳定性依次降低,分别为194、126、62和58 h。综合评价结果得出:布氏乳杆菌单独或与同型发酵乳酸菌蒙氏肠球菌和植物乳杆菌联合接种可有效抑制无芒雀麦青贮的有氧腐败,保证无芒雀麦青贮有氧暴露期间品质的稳定,且前者更有效;接种同型发酵乳酸菌蒙氏肠球菌和植物乳杆菌未能在提高无芒雀麦青贮有氧稳定性方面表现出积极的作用。     

趋磁细菌特性及其应用前景

趋磁细菌具有独特的磁场运动特性、生物学特性,其磁小体可作为生物活性物质的固定载体、磁记忆材料等.笔者介绍了趋磁细菌的发现、种类、特点及趋磁细菌在生物导航、重金属废水处理、地质学研究及医学等方面的应用前景.     

乳清酒发酵剂的优选

以2株乳酵母菌、地方性奶酒酵母泥、乳酸菌、丹宝利活性酿酒干酵母为发酵菌种,研究其在乳清酒发酵中各发酵剂的发酵能力、发酵特性并对发酵所得乳清酒品质进行了分析,筛选出5#组合菌种(乳酵母菌2,丹宝利活性酿酒千酵母、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌比例为10:0.1:1)为本研究最佳试验用发酵菌种.     

低聚糖对雏鸡大肠粪便NH3-N含量及肠道菌群的影响

试验选取1日龄罗曼蛋公雏250只，随机分为5组，试验组饲料或饮水中分别添加海藻糖(500mg／kg)、海藻胶(600mg／kg)、大豆寡糖(500mg／kg)、圆葱寡糖(500mg/d)。结果表明，四种低聚糖均可促进肠道乳酸菌及双歧杆菌的生长繁殖，对魏氏梭菌的生长呈现抑制作用。海藻糖、海藻胶对降低大肠粪便NH3—N含量效果不显著(P＞0．05)，而大豆寡糖效果显著(P＜0．05)，圆葱寡糖效果极显著(P＜0.01)。     

Bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from corneal ulcerations in domesticated elephants (Elephas maximus maximus) in Sri Lanka

Infective corneal diseases are common among the domesticated elephants in Sri Lanka, causing morbidity including blindness leading to loss of revenue to their owners. From 140 elephants of different ages and both sexes, 36 animals (25.7%) had evidence of keratitis, corneal ulcers, corneal opacities, and some had foreign bodies in their eyes. Nine elephants (6.4%) had lesions in both eyes (6.41%). Cultures for both bacteria and fungi were obtained from 26 corneal ulcers, including the nine elephants with bilateral lesions. The other 10 animals could not be restrained for sample collection. Swabs from the normal corneas of an additional 20 elephants without signs of any ophthalmic diseases were also collected. Twenty-three of the 35 (65.71%) samples from affected corneas yielded bacterial pathogens, and 14 (40%) also had fungal isolates. None of them yielded a fungal isolate alone. The predominant bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus , beta hemolytic streptococci and coliforms. Fusarium , Cladosporium , Curvularia and Aspergillus species were the primary fungal isolates. No bacteria or filamentous fungi were isolated from the eyes with the normal corneas. Microbial identification including fungal isolations is suggested in the management of infective corneal diseases in elephants.     

添加不同乳酸菌制剂对“川草2号”老芒麦青贮品质的影响

以抽穗期“川草2号”老芒麦为研究对象,探讨青宝Ⅱ号（FS）、乳酸菌制剂I（LABI）、乳酸菌制剂Ⅱ（LABⅡ）等3种乳酸菌制剂的不同添加比例对川西北老芒麦青贮品质的影响。结果表明：不同乳酸菌制剂添加比例对老芒麦青贮饲料的发酵品质和化学成分影响不同;青宝Ⅱ号（FS,0．03g·kg^-1FM）能够改善老芒麦青贮饲料的营养成分;乳酸菌制剂（LABI）和乳酸菌制剂Ⅱ（LABⅡ）均能够显著降低老芒麦青贮饲料的pH、氨态氮／总氮比值和酸性洗涤纤维含量（P〈0．05）,提高干物质含量、乳酸含量和乙酸含量,改善老芒麦青贮饲料的发酵品质和营养成分。     

Genetic background of CTX‐M‐15‐producing Enterobacter hormaechei ST114 and Citrobacter freundii ST265 co‐infecting a free‐living green turtle (Chelonia mydas)

CTX‐M‐type extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Enterobacteriaceae have become identified in marine ecosystem constituting a serious ecological issue. In this respect, although contamination of coastal waters and seafood, and even colonization of seabirds and fishes have been increasingly reported, molecular data are lacking to elucidate the clinical impact of ESBL producers in infected marine animals. In this study, using a genomic approach, we have analysed the genetic background of CTX‐M‐15‐producing Enterobacter hormaechei (belonging to the international human clone ST114) and Citrobacter freundii (ST265) co‐infecting a free‐living green turtle (Chelonia mydas) suffering from septic arthritis, which progressed to generalized coelomitis and death. Wide resistome of these pathogens contributed to treatment failure and death of the animal.     

细菌生物被膜与抗生素耐药机制研究进展

细菌引发的感染已成为感染性疾病的主要原因之一,具有耐药性和难治性的特点,而且还可以对抗机体的免疫清除作用,对人类和动物的健康造成很大的危害,也给人们生活的其他方面带来了越来越严重的影响,引起了基础和临床研究的极大关注。但是细菌生物被膜对抗生素的耐药机制目前还不十分清楚,现对近年来细菌生物被膜对抗生素耐药形成的几种可能机制进行综述。