杉木连栽林地土壤酚类物质降解受阻的内外因

杉木林地土壤酚类物质的逐代积累达一定浓度，可以使林木生长受抑制直至死亡。土壤酚类物质分解消除主要依赖土壤中异养微生物的大量繁殖和生长，故土壤有机质的激发效应和氮，磷的养分作用是至关重要的。否则土壤微生物（细菌）将由初生代谢转向次生代谢，并积累次生代谢产物，致使土壤微生物无力分解土壤酚类物质。杉木林凋落的激发作用小是不能促进土壤酚类物质消除的关键，必须有其他来源的有机质的协同作用以补充有效能源。     

小米中总酚提取条件的优化

以总酚含量为活性跟踪指标,研究了小米抗氧化活性物质的提取条件。结果表明,小米抗氧化物提取的最佳浸提条件为:以小米为材料,以质量分数为60%的丙酮为溶剂,料液比1∶8,浸提温度60℃,浸提时间5h,浸提2次最为科学。在去除小米抗氧化提取物中的杂质时,选用正己烷进行脱脂处理。     

烟叶烘烤过程中多酚类物质的变化及与化学成分的相关分析

 研究了河南不同产烟区烟叶在烘烤过程中酚类物质含量变化及与化学成分的相关性。结果表明，总酚含量在烘烤开始后的前24 h呈增加趋势，之后则降低，至72 h降到最低，72 h后又迅速升高直到烘烤结束；绿原酸含量在烘烤0～24 h也呈上升趋势，其最低值出现在60 h或72 h处，之后则缓慢上升至烘烤结束；芸香苷含量随烘烤进程的推进，呈递增趋势，中间稍有起伏；多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性变化趋势相反。在烘烤过程中芸香苷的含量变化与总糖含量呈极显著正相关（r=0.822**），与淀粉、烟碱和蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关。     

白桦木材GC-MS检测结果分析

对白桦木材的丙酮和石油醚—甲醇萃取液进行GC-MS检测,找到6种有机化合物。分别属于烷烃、脂肪酸类、酚类和异黄酮类物质。其中2′2-二乙氧基丙烷、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮、反式-3-甲基-4-甲硫基-查耳酮和N,N′-二亚水杨基-1,2-二氨基乙烷都具有抗菌活性。本研究为进一步探讨白桦木材的化学成分,筛选天然抗腐朽植株提供有用信息。     

Long-term nitrogen additions increased surface soil carbon concentration in a forest plantation despite elevated decomposition

Forests cover one-third of the Earth’s land surface and account for 30-40% of soil carbon (C). Despite numerous studies, questions still remain about the factors controlling forest soil C turnover. Present understanding of global C cycle is limited by considerable uncertainty over the potential response of soil C dynamics to rapid nitrogen (N) enrichment of ecosystems, mainly from fuel combustion and fertilizer application. Here, we present a 15-year-long field study and show an average increase of 14.6% in soil C concentration in the 0-5 cm mineral soil layer in N fertilized (defined as N+ hereafter) sub-plots of a second-rotation Pinus radiata plantation in New Zealand compared to control sub-plots. The results of ¹⁴C and lignin analyses of soil C indicate that N additions significantly accelerate decomposition of labile and recalcitrant soil C. Using an annual-time step model, we estimated the soil C turnover time. In the N+ sub-plots, soil C in the light (a density < 1.70 g cm⁻³) and heavy fractions had the mean residence times of 23 and 67 yr, respectively, which are lower than those in the control sub-plots (36 and 133 yr in the light and heavy fractions, respectively). The commonly used lignin oxidation indices (vanillic acid to vanillin and syringic acid to syringaldehyde ratios) were significantly greater in the N+ sub-plots than in the control sub-plots, suggesting increased lignin decomposition due to fertilization. The estimation of C inputs to forest floor and δ¹³C analysis of soil C fractions indicate that the observed buildup of surface soil C concentrations in the N+ sub-plots can be attributed to increased inputs of C mass from forest debris. We conclude that long-term N additions in productive forests may increase C storage in both living tree biomass and soils despite elevated decomposition of soil organic matter.     

Effect of vacuum treatment on smoke penetration into boiled skipjack loins for production of smoke-dried skipjack

ABSTRACT: The present work evaluates the effect of vacuum treatment on smoke penetration into boiled skipjack loins for the production of smoke-dried skipjack. Using a vacuum freeze-dryer, the boiled skipjack loins were vacuumed immediately after being boiled at a pressure of 400 Pa for 30 min in order to reduce the lipid and water contents. The vacuumed boiled meats were then smoked and dried at 90 ± 10°C for 3 h a day for 6 days in a metal kiln (internal diameter 24 cm × 24 cm × 70 cm height), using an electric heater (1.2 kW) to heat and generate smoke from cherry tree wood chips. Also, non-vacuumed boiled meats were smoked in the same manner as a control. The vacuum treatment reduced the lipid and water contents by as much as 0.6% and 2.7% on the wet weight basis, respectively. Histological observations showed many clearances among the muscle fibers of the vacuumed boiled meats. The content of phenols that had penetrated the vacuumed boiled meats during the smoke drying procedure was significantly larger ( P < 0.05) than that of the non-vacuumed boiled meats. Accordingly, the vacuum treatment accelerated the penetration of phenols into the boiled meats and enhanced the function of antioxidant substances, which improved the quality of the smoke-dried skipjack.     

Flooding effects on soil phenol oxidase activity and phenol release during rice straw decomposition

Phenol oxidase (Pox) plays a key role in soil C cycle and its presence may affect soil C mineralization during crop residue decomposition. To examine soil dynamics and relationships between Pox, phenols, Fe²⁺, and C mineralization, we designed a 53‐d laboratory experiment conducted with and without rice straw addition and under non‐flooded and flooded conditions. The results demonstrate that rice straw can indeed decompose faster under flooded conditions. The addition of rice straw significantly increased soil Pox activity (up to 15‐fold), but only under flooded conditions. Rice straw application increased alkali extractable phenol (AEP) concentration by 129% at day 4. However, flooded conditions reduced soil AEP by 61% and 49% at day 53 with and without rice straw application, respectively. Phenol oxidase activity was positively correlated with dissolved organic C and Fe²⁺, while negatively related to AEP, which itself was positively correlated with C mineralization (i.e., CO₂ emission rates). Also, all relationships between soil Pox, AEP, Fe²⁺, and C were stronger under flooded conditions. We therefore conclude that flooded conditions in paddy soil may promote straw decomposition as a result of the stimulation of Pox activity and phenol decomposition.     

酚-镍污染下玉米幼苗中镍含量与酚类浓度、Kow的相关分析

以砂培玉米幼苗为材料，研究了Ｎｉ污染下，不同浓度的酚、２－氯酚、２，４－二氯酚、２，４，６－三氯酚一次性污灌对玉米幼苗根、叶组织中镍含量的影响。结果表明：在５０—２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，随着酚类化合物浓度的增高，幼苗根、叶组织中Ｎｉ含量增加；对于不同的酚类化合物，随着其Ｋｏｗ值的升高，对幼苗中Ｎｉ含量增加的影响越大。在上述酚类化合物浓度范围内，玉米幼苗根、叶中Ｎｉ的浓度与酚类化合物的Ｋｏｗ与浓度之间的关系可用下式表示：Ｙ１（根Ｎｉ，ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ＤＷ）＝１９２．３７＋５２．９５Ｘ１＋１．６４Ｘ２Ｙ２（叶Ｎｉ，ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ＤＷ）＝５３．０５＋２８．３２Ｘ１＋０．４８１８Ｘ２     

Protein and energy utilization of boiled rice-legume diets and boiled cereals in growing rats

In growing rats, boiled milled rice-legume diets (2:1 N ratio) had lower energy digestigibility than boiled milled rice and equal if not better true digestibility, biological value, and net protein utilization (NPU). Rice-soybean diets showed better NPU than the other rice-legume diets. Boiled whole-grain corn and sorghum had lower digstible energy and NPU than boiled milled rice. NPU of the diets did not follow strictly the trend of the amino acid score of the diets; phenol (tannin) content reduced energy and protein digestibility of all diets, but sugars reduced energy and protein digestibilities of rice-legume diets only.     

转色期叶面氮素调控对酿酒葡萄'赤霞珠'品质的影响

宁夏贺兰山东麓现阶段水肥一体轻简化栽培模式下酿酒葡萄对氮素营养需求发生了巨大变化,如果继续沿用传统氮肥施用方式可能会引发酿酒葡萄成熟过快、浆果内含物累计不足、果皮中酵母可同化氮偏低等问题。以喷清水为对照,在酿酒葡萄转色期内叶面喷施硫酸铵、硝酸铵钙、尿素、苯丙氨酸及谷氨酸5种水溶性氮源,研究不同氮源对酿酒葡萄''赤霞珠''品质的影响。结果表明：转色期叶面氮素调控的葡萄浆果可溶性固形物以硫酸铵处理最佳,高达29.21%;花色苷在尿素处理下含量高达2.28 mg/g,较其余氮素处理提高16.33%～55.10%;单宁含量以苯丙氨酸处理最佳,高达19.88 mg/g;总酚含量在苯丙氨酸处理下高达19.56 mg/g,较其余氮素处理提高8.91%～27.34%。综合分析得出,转色期叶面喷施苯丙氨酸和尿素两种氮源均可改善酿酒葡萄生长发育,提升浆果品质。