The influence of mechanical impact and storage conditions on subsurface hardening in pre-peeled potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary In investigating the effect of mechanical impact and storage conditions on subsurface hardening in boiled pre-peeled potatoes, potatoes (cv. Sava) were peeled using an industrial peeler, a laboratory knife peeler or a hand knife peeler, packed in polymer bags and stored at 4 to 18 °C for 6 days. Industrially peeled potatoes were significantly harder than potatoes peeled by hand or using a laboratory knife peeler. Potato hardening was not related to pectin methyl esterase activity (EC 3.1.1.11.). However, it was significantly correlated with mechanical impact from the peeler knives and by treatment in a damage barrel. Blunt knives resulted in harder potatoes than when sharp knives were used. An increase in storage temperature from 4 to 18 °C also increased subsurface hardening significantly. Maximum hardness was found below the wounded surface at a depth of 2–8 mm (average 4 mm).     

Vitamin C and quercetin modulate DNA-damaging effect of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)

The effects of natural compounds, vitamin C and quercetin, present in fruitsand vegetables, on the DNA damaging activity of a food carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were examinedusing the comet assay. Vitamin C, at a concentration of 50 M,inhibited MNNG-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Quercetin,up to a concentration of 10 M, increased the extent of DNA damage,but at concentrations above 10 M decreased damage below controlvalues. Furthermore, quercetin had a strong antioxidant activity againstoxidative damage evoked by H₂O₂ at 10 M. The resultsobtained suggest that vitamin C and quercetin may have anti- orpro-oxidative properties depending on the state of the cell.     

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION,PESTS AND PATHOGENS OF WHEAT AND RICE

● An overview of impacts of climate change on wheat and rice crops. ● A review on impacts of climate change on insect pests and fungal pathogens of wheat and rice. ● A selection of adaptation strategies to mitigate impacts of climate change on crop production and pest and disease management. Ongoing climate change is expected to have impacts on crops, insect pests, and plant pathogens and poses considerable threats to sustainable food security. Existing reviews have summarized impacts of a changing climate on agriculture, but the majority of these are presented from an ecological point of view, and scant information is available on specific species in agricultural applications. This paper provides an overview of impacts of climate change on two staple crops, wheat and rice. First, the direct effects of climate change on crop growth, yield formation, and geographic distribution of wheat and rice are reviewed. Then, the effects of climate change on pests and pathogens related with wheat and rice, and their interactions with the crops are summarized. Finally, potential management strategies to mitigate the direct impacts of climate change on crops, and the indirect impacts on crops through pests and pathogens are outlined. The present overview aims to aid agriculture practitioners and researchers who are interested in wheat and rice to better understand climate change related impacts on the target species.     

性信息素技术在高粱鳞翅目害虫发生动态监测中的应用

为研究高粱鳞翅目害虫发生动态,解决防治适期问题,通过3年田间试验,利用性诱技术诱集鳞翅目害虫,探索黏虫、条螟、玉米螟、桃蛀螟、草地贪夜蛾和二化螟的发生动态。研究发现,玉米螟和条螟发生最为严重,占鳞翅目害虫数的70%以上,各类鳞翅目害虫的发生时段在5月初—8月初,其中主要集中在5月底—7月中下旬大量发生。研究结果可为更加科学合理预测高粱鳞翅目害虫的发生危害提供依据,也为本地有机高粱生产过程中的鳞翅目害虫制定防控方法提供实践基础。     

地面弥雾机与六旋翼植保无人机在芒果冠层中雾滴沉积性能对比

为解决芒果园传统植保作业中农药用量大、施药不均匀、作业效率低等问题,并构建智慧芒果园,本研究对比了地面弥雾机和六旋翼植保无人机两种果园施药机具在芒果冠层中的药液雾滴沉积性能。将芒果冠层分为上中下层,以柠檬黄为示踪剂,使用高清相纸与滤纸采集药液雾滴,通过图像处理等手段分析雾滴沉积分布均匀性。试验结果表明,植保无人机在芒果树上部冠层叶片表面的雾滴覆盖率显著高于地面弥雾机,在其余冠层部位,两种施药机具在叶片表面药液无显著差异覆盖;植保无人机处理组叶片正反面平均覆盖率均为地面弥雾机的1.5~2倍,对叶片背面的防治优于地面弥雾机。地面弥雾机处理组叶片正面雾滴密度显著高于植保无人机,叶片背面无显著差异,植保无人机处理组正反面均未满足低量喷雾20个/cm2的病虫害防治要求。地面弥雾机药液沉积集中在中下冠层（61.1%）,植保无人机集中在上部冠层（43.0%）,冠层内部沉积比例地面弥雾机（48.6%）＞植保无人机（25.5%）,但地面弥雾机在冠层上部沉积能力不足,沉积占比仅为17%。研究表明,相较于植保无人机,地面弥雾机适用于芒果冠层中下部及内部病虫害防治,同时该机具较高的雾滴覆盖密度在喷洒杀菌剂时也有明显优势,植保无人机适用于针对芒果上部冠层如蓟马、炭疽等易发于外部花絮的病虫害防治。     

雄安新区千年秀林美国白蛾危害寄主种类及危害情况调查

为了解美国白蛾对雄安新区千年秀林的危害情况,通过标准地调查采取对角线取样和"Z"字形取样相结合的方法进行随机取样,首先选取千年秀林的90块标准地,调查美国白蛾危害寄主种类及其危害程度,发现危害白蜡最为严重.其次选取53块白蜡标准地,对其美国白蛾的危害情况进行系统地调查,分析其危害程度及影响因素,并对其进行风险评估.结果 发现,白蜡标准地普遍都存在危害,其中发生比较严重的标准地主要受周边树种、自身病害以及所处位置周围环境等因素的影响,由于该害虫具有趋光性所以在西南方向危害较为严重,其风险性R值为2.23,属于该地区高度危险的林业有害生物.此次调查可为有效防控该害虫提供基础,并为千年秀林制定该害虫监测与治理对策提供依据.     

施氮形态与分株损伤对入侵植物香菇草生长及克隆整合的影响

为了明确不同施氮形态与分株损伤对入侵性克隆植物生长及克隆整合的影响,本研究以入侵克隆植物香菇草Hydrocotyle vulgaris为研究对象,设计了三因素控制试验。包括基部和端部分株连接或断开,基部分株进行3种氮形态添加(铵态氮、硝态氮、有机氮)和对照处理(去离子水),端部分株设计有无损伤2种处理。结果表明,克隆整合促进了香菇草的整个克隆片段、基部与端部分株的生长。3种形态的氮添加均促进了香菇草整个克隆片段以及基部分株的生长,其中硝态氮对香菇草生长的促进最显著。此外,端部分株损伤并没有显著抑制香菇草的生长。氮供应形态以及分株损伤没有显著影响克隆整合对香菇草生长的作用均。总之,入侵植物香菇草的克隆整合在适应多种形态异质氮供应以及应对分株损伤中发挥着重要作用,在高硝态氮输入地区应适当加强对香菇草的入侵防控。     

几种常用化学杀虫剂对Bt菌株生长影响的初步研究

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）可产生多种杀虫活性物质,是一种应用最广泛的微生物杀虫剂。最近研究表明Bt对化学杀虫剂抗性害虫有较好的防治效果,并且与化学杀虫剂的联合使用可以提高杀虫效果,减少化学杀虫剂的用量。为了进一步设计更好的Bt与化学杀虫剂协同控害方案,本论文研究了不同亚种的Bt菌株与常用化学杀虫剂的兼容性。泛基因组分析表明不同亚种的Bt菌株在基因组成上有较大差异,说明Bt菌株对化学杀虫剂的反应可能会有所不同。进一步化学杀虫剂对Bt增殖影响分析结果显示,溴虫腈对大部分Bt测试菌株有抑制,说明Bt与化学杀虫剂协同使用时需要测定两者兼容性。高效氯氰菊酯对所有常用的防治鳞翅目害虫的Bt杀虫剂亚种类型库斯塔克亚种（Bt kurstaki,Btk）和鲇泽亚种（Bt aizawai,Bta）菌株影响都不大,可以进行协同使用;氯虫苯甲酰胺和茚虫威对Btk菌株HD1有一定抑制作用,定虫隆对其有较好的促进作用,说明HD1与定虫隆协同使用效果更好;茚虫威对Bta菌株G03影响较小,定虫隆对其有一定的抑制作用,氯虫苯甲酰胺对G03则有一定的促进作用,说明G03及其衍生菌株可以与氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威协同使用。本研究结果说明Bt菌株对不同杀虫剂的敏感性是有差异的,可以通过筛选获得兼容性好的组合,为进一步制定Bt杀虫剂与化学杀虫剂配伍方案与协同使用技术提供了理论指导与数据参考,对实现化学农药减量施用具有重要的指导意义。     

一种新型玉米收获机摘穗装置设计与分析

分析了玉米收获机械的发展现状,针对现有摘穗装置的缺点,设计了一种利用惯性摘穗的装置,并设计了配套输送装置;利用摘穗原理的创新,从根本上解决了玉米收获机对籽粒造成损伤的问题;理论计算验证了摘穗的可行性,利用仿真分析验证了理论计算结果的正确性;同时分析比较了两种秸秆处理方式的优缺点.