Extent and Pattern of Genetic Diversity for Morpho-agronomic Traits in Ethiopian Highland Pulse Landraces: I. Field Pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis> L.)

An experiment was conducted in 2001 at Holetta and Kulumsa, Ethiopia, to study the extent and pattern of genetic diversity in Ethiopian field pea (Pisum sativum L.) landraces. One hundred forty-eight germplasm accessions were grown in an alpha lattice design with 2 replications. Data on 12 traits were collected and analyzed. Differences among the accessions were significant for most of the traits (except number of seeds/ pod) at each location even though differences pooled over location were mostly non-significant. The accessions were grouped into five clusters of different sizes. Accessions from the southern part of the country (Arsi) distributed overall clusters while those from the northern half (North and South Wello, North Gonder and North Shewa) fell into clusters C₁ to C₃. Cumulative effects of a number of characters dictated differentiation of the accessions into clusters. There was no definite relationship between geographic diversity and genetic diversity as overlapping was encountered in clustering pattern among accessions from different parts of the country. Accessions from different regions might have similar genetic background and those from the same origin might also have different genetic background. Therefore, geographic diversity should not necessarily be used as an index of genetic diversity and parental selection should be based on a systematic study of genetic diversity in a specific population. Genetic distances among most of the clusters were significant that crosses between parents selected out of them are expected to generate desirable genetic recombination. Selection should also consider the special advantages of each cluster and each accession within a cluster. Future germplasm collection, conservation and breeding efforts should focus not only on inter-regional diversity but also on intra-regional diversity.     

半无叶型菜豌豆7个农艺性状的通径分析

对“普通型日本菜豌豆×半无叶型菜豌豆宝菜2号”后代株系的株高(x1)、分枝数(x2)、糖度(x3)、单株荚数(x4)、双荚率(x5)、单株粒数(x6)、鲜百粒重(x7)、鲜荚产量(y)进行了通径分析。结果表明:各个性状对鲜荚产量均有直接正向效应,其相对重要性排序为单株粒数>鲜百粒重>单株荚数>分枝数>株高>糖度>双荚率,其中各个农艺性状对鲜荚产量的直接效应中单株粒数最高,鲜百粒重次之。间接效应中单株荚数通过单株粒数对鲜荚产量的间接作用最大。综合各影响因素,在选育半无叶型菜豌豆时应注意各农艺性状指标的合理搭配。     

Influence of Dual Inoculation of AM Fungi and Rhizobium on Growth Indices,Production Economics,and Nutrient Use Efficiencies in Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Field experimentation was conducted at Palampur, India during 2011–2012 in an acid Alfisol to quantify the influence of integrated use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Rhizobium and inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on growth, productivity, profitability, and nutrient use efficiencies in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) replicated thrice comprising 13 treatments involving AMF (Glomus mosseae), Rhizobium (R. leguminosarum), and inorganic N and P fertilizers. The results revealed that dual inoculation of pea seed with AMF and Rhizobium enhanced the plant height, leaf area index, and dry matter accumulation significantly by 19.4 and 13.1, 10.7 and 10.7, and 16.6 and 16.7%, respectively at 60 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). Similarly, dual inoculation exhibited significant respective increases of 9.5 and 14.6% in absolute and crop growth rates over generalized recommended NP potassium (K) dose (GRD) during 60–120 DAS. The dual inoculation led to significant respective increases of 1.0 and 2.2, 1.06 and 1.74, 0.21 and 1.5, and 1.05 and 1.60 folds in partial factor productivity, crop recovery efficiency, physiological efficiency, and % recovery of applied N and P, respectively over GRD. The magnitude of increase in pea productivity, net returns, and boron to carbon (B:C) ratio following dual inoculation was to the tune of 20, 54.4, and 104.1%, respectively over GRD. Dual inoculation also exhibited significant increases of 19.4 and 53.1% in production and monetary efficiencies of pea over GRD. Overall, dual inoculation of AMF and Rhizobium with 75% soil-test-based N and P dose in pea has great potential in enhancing pea productivity, profitability, and nutrient use efficiency besides saving about 25% fertilizer N and P without impairing pea productivity in Himalayan acid Alfisol.     

热处理对食荚豌豆贮藏品质的影响

为探索热处理对食荚豌豆保鲜的效果，实验研究了40℃ 20 min、40℃ 40 min和50℃ 20 min热水处理对食荚豌豆在1℃贮藏期间主要生理和品质变化的影响。结果表明，采用40℃ 20 min和40 min热水处理不仅可有效降低食荚豌豆腐烂的发生，同时还可显著抑制豆荚的呼吸强度和多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性，抑制豆荚丙二醛(MDA)和木质素含量的上升及叶绿素和维生素C含量的下降，从而起到延缓豆荚衰老和品质下降的作用，因而在食荚豌豆保鲜中具较好应用前景。50℃ 20 min热水处理对延缓食荚豌豆衰老和保持品质无明显作用。     

桂木9号的选育与应用

桂木9号是利用丰产性好的印度改良木豆品系ICPL 90008与抗病虫、植株高大的广西地方种木豆2号杂交,经7年7代系统选育而成的木豆新品系。该品系具有分枝多、产量高、抗病虫能力强、用途广等特点,产量比目前推广的品种要高,公顷产量在2250~3000kg之间,适合作粮食、青饲料和生态树种。根据不同用途选择适宜的种植地和种植密度,科学肥水管理,及时中耕除草,注意病虫草害防治,适时采收,可获得较高产量。     

Seasonal Biomass Accumulation and Nutrient Uptake of Pea and Lentil on a Black Chernozem Soil in Saskatchewan

ABSTRACT

Close relationships usually exist among biomass accumulation, nutrient uptake, and seed yield during the growing season. Field experiments with pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens cultinaris L.) were conducted in 1998 and 1999 at Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine relationships of biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake with days after emergence (DAE) or growing degree days (GDD). For both biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake, maximum rates and amounts increased with time at early growth stages and reached a maximum value at late growth stages. The R² values for cubic polynomial regressions were highly significant, indicating their suitability to estimate the progression of biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake as a function of days after emergence (DAE). Both pulse crops followed a similar pattern in biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake, which increased in the early growth stages and reached a maximum late in the growth cycle. Pulse crops usually reached their maximum biomass accumulation rate and amount at early to late bud formation (42–56 DAE or 390–577 GDD) and at medium pod formation to early seed filling (75–82 DAE or 848–858 GDD) growth stages, respectively. Maximum biomass accumulation rate was 175–215 kg ha^{? 1}d^?1 for pea and 109–140 kg ha^{? 1}d^{? 1} for lentil. Maximum nutrient uptake rate and amount usually occurred at branching to early bud formation (28–49 DAE or 206–498 GDD) and at the flowering to seed filling (66–85 DAE or 672–986 GDD) growth stages, respectively. Maximum uptake rate of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S), respectively, was 4.6–4.9, 0.4–0.5, 5.0–5.3 and 0.3 kg ha^{? 1}d^{? 1} for pea, and 2.4–3.8, 0.2–0.3, 2.0–3.4 and 0.2 kg ha^{? 1}d^{? 1} for lentil. In general, maximum nutrient uptake rate and amount occurred earlier than maximum biomass accumulation rate and amount, respectively; and the maximum accumulation rates of both biomass and nutrients occurred earlier than maximum amounts. The findings suggest that adequate supply of nutrients from soil and fertilizers at early growth stages, and translocation of biomass and nutrients to seed at later growth stages are of great importance for high seed yield of pulse crops.     

北京地区生态条件下木豆引种适应性试验

为扩大木豆品种资源,筛选适合北京地区生产上利用的优质资源,对从中国广西引进的MN1,MN5和从印度引进的ICPL93173,ICPL93174,CPL85010,ICPL86012,ICPL99066,ICPL93081,ICPL8809,IC-PL93097个木豆品种在北京进行了适应性、生长动态和产量构成的观察。结果表明,(1)引进的木豆品种在北京地区为一年生;5月下旬播种,生育期在150 d内的品种均能够正常成熟;(2)MN5,ICPL93173,IC-PL93174,CPL85010为早熟品种,籽粒产量较高,在北京地区种植适宜收获籽粒;MN1,ICPL93081,IC-PL93097为中熟品种,可以收获部分青荚做蔬菜;ICPL86012,ICPL99066,ICPL8809生育期均在150 d以上,为晚熟品种,可作饲用或绿色植被植物;(3)木豆单株荚数为30~115荚,百粒重5.47~8.93 g,单株产量3.09~27.0 g;在供试的10个品种中,ICPL93174和MN5生育期短、株高生长快、叶面积指数大、籽粒产量较高。     

青海东部农区小黑麦与豆科牧草的混播组合与混播比例

为筛选适宜青海省东部农区推广的小黑麦( × Triticosecale Wittmack)与豆科牧草的混播组合及比例,采用裂区设计,研究了‘甘农2号’小黑麦与两种豆科牧草[‘青建1号’饲用豌豆(Pisum sativum)和毛苕子(Vicia villosa)]不同混播比例(0?? 100、20?? 80、30?? 70、40?? 60、50?? 50、60?? 40、70?? 30、80?? 20、100?? 0)的混播效应。结果表明：从混播组合看,‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘青建1号’饲用豌豆混播的平均鲜草产量(41.80 t·hm–2)最高;从混播比例看,‘甘农2号’小黑麦与豆科牧草50?? 50混播时平均鲜草产量(44.45 t·hm–2)最高,比小黑麦和豆科牧草单播平均分别提高了17.94%和17.53%;混播组合和混播比例间的交互作用表明,‘甘农2号’小黑麦和‘青建1号’饲用豌豆以40?? 60的比例混播时总鲜草产量(45.55 t·hm–2)最高,比小黑麦和饲用豌豆单播分别提高了20.09%和17.00%。相关分析表明,混播群体的鲜草产量与小黑麦株高呈显著正相关关系(P < 0.05),与豆科牧草株高呈极显著正相关关系(P < 0.01)。因此,在青海省东部农区推荐‘甘农2号’小黑麦与‘青建1号’饲用豌豆以40?? 60的比例进行混播。     

自然侵染豌豆的大豆花叶病毒

从南京郊区豌豆病株上分离到的 P-65分离物,汁液摩擦接种6科25种植物,能侵染8种豆科植物及藜科的苋色藜.体外抗性:失毒温度50～55℃;稀释限点10~(-2)～10~(-3);体外存活期2～3天.桃蚜非持久性传播。病毒粒体线条状,平均长度为750nm.病叶组织中有风轮状及束状内含体.大豆花叶病毒抗血清对该分离物的粒体有强的捕捉和修饰作用,SDS 双扩散试验中可见明显的沉淀线,故该分离物属大豆花叶病毒。     

九江市早熟梨现状与发展对策

通过对九江早熟梨发展现状的分析和市场需求研究,指出早熟梨在果园管理、品种结构、销售等方面存在的问题及面临的机遇与挑战,据此提出早熟梨业发展对策和建议,使早熟梨生态优势转化为产业优势,再转化为区域经济优势,促进早熟梨经济的可持续、健康发展。