Further Contributions to the Development of a Differential Set of Pea Cultivars (Pisum sativum) to Investigate the Virulence of Isolates of Aphanomyces euteiches

Common root rot (Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs.) has become a very destructive disease in the French pea crops since 1993. For an accurate investigation of the virulence variability among French A. euteiches populations and between French and foreign populations, a new set of differential pea genotypes was developed. Thirty-three American and European pea lines, displaying different levels of resistance, were screened in a growth chamber against two French isolates. Symptoms (disease severity from 0 to 5, evaluating symptom surface on roots and epicotyl) and percentage of top fresh weight (inoculated/uninoculated top fresh weight ratio) were measured. From this screening 12 relatively resistant lines, from various genetic backgrounds, were identified along with a highly susceptible control. This set of 13 genotypes was inoculated under controlled conditions with 14 isolates from France, Sweden, USA, Canada and New Zealand, to investigate genotype–isolate interactions. Root symptoms were rated (disease severity), and a susceptibility/resistance threshold was established at disease severity = 1. Significant quantitative interactions were observed, and five 'resistance patterns' were identified, leading to a set of six pea genotypes: Baccara (susceptible), Capella, MN313, 902131, 552 and PI180693. Fields trials of this set in 1999 and 2000 gave the same resistance rankings than in growth chamber conditions. This set will allow more accurate assessments of the variability in virulence/aggressiveness of A. euteiches isolates from France and foreign countries, and further investigations of the epidemiological and genetic basis of pea–A. euteiches interactions.     

Effect of micronized pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) as a substitute of soybean meal on tissue fatty acid composition and quality of broiler chicken meat

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of micronized pea seeds introduced into feed mixes for broilers on the slaughter yield, blood lipid parameters, content of fatty acids in selected tissues, and meat quality. The studies involved 150 1‐day‐old Ross 308 chicks split into three groups (for 42 days). The feed rations differed in terms of the source of proteins: in the control group (C), it was post‐extraction soybean meal (SBM) 100%; in group I, SBM 50% and micronized peas 50%; and in group II, micronized peas only, 100%. Irradiated pea seeds added to the feed ration for chicks reduced the fattening grade of carcasses (P < 0.05). Additionally, significant improvement of blood lipid indices was recorded. The share of the irradiated pea seeds in feed mixes decreased the share of saturated fatty acids in the muscles and abdominal fat and had a positive effect on the n‐6/n‐3 ratio, hypocholesterolemic / hypercholesterolemic ratio, as well as the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices (P < 0.05).     

The use of RAPD technique for the identification and classification of Pisum sativum L. genotypes

Summary The genomic DNAs of 42 Pisum sativum genotypes, representing four wild and cultivated subspecies were used as templates in RAPD reactions. Amplification with eight decamer primers generated 149 polymorphic products. Genetic similarities of RAPD profiles were estimated via a coefficient of Jaccard and then the data were processed by cluster analysis (UPGMA). Each genotype was clearly identified and separated from the others. Our results show that RAPD technology is a rapid, precise and sensitive technique for identification of pea genotypes. However, the phylogenetic relationships within the Pisum sativum, which we tested by bootstrap analysis (Wagner parsimony), must be interpreted with caution.     

豌豆种皮结构和成分对种子透水性的影响

为探索豌豆种皮的结构和成分对种子透水性的影响,借助扫描电镜对种皮表面和横断面结构进行观察,并采用显微化学鉴别法、红外光谱分析法以及能量色散型x射线荧光分析仪对种皮成分进行了定性和定量测定.结果表明,豌豆种脐是水分进入种子的主要通道,而种皮结构中的角质层、栅栏层是水分和其他外源物质进入的主要障碍.种皮成分中纤维素、木质素、角质、含碳化合物和Sr元素等的积累增加了种皮的机械强度,从而降低种子的透水性,而种皮中K、Fe、Ca元素的积累可能有利于种皮透水.此外,研究还发现,皮壳率越高,种子透水性越好,且保持种子种皮完整性对种子吸水和保水具有重要作用.     

针叶豌豆不同间作模式对产量及水分利用效率影响

以平作栽培为对照,研究了河西绿洲灌区垄作沟灌栽培条件下玉米/针叶豌豆、马铃薯/针叶豌豆和油葵/针叶豌豆3种间作模式对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:垄作沟灌栽培5～25cm土层的日均地温较平作提高0.87～0.95℃,随土层加深,土壤增温效果先递增后递减。玉米/针叶豌豆产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为15 795.3kg/hm2和22.94kg/hm2.mm,比马铃薯/针叶豌豆和油葵/针叶豌豆提高9 273.3kg/hm2和8 717.7kg/hm2,水分利用效率分别提高10.55kg/(hm2.mm)和10.87kg/(hm2.mm)。垄作沟灌栽培产量比平作栽培增加1 649.4kg/hm2,水分利用效率提高5.11kg/(hm2.mm)。从增产节水角度来看,玉米/针叶豌豆垄作栽培模式最优、平作栽培模式其次。     

咸水灌溉对基质栽培甜脆豌豆生长及营养品质的影响

【目的】探讨在水资源紧缺地区开展无土栽培咸水灌溉的可行性。【方法】采用基质盆栽试验,以甜脆豌豆为试验对象,设置0.6(淡水)、1.6、2.6、3.6、4.6 g/L共5个矿化度(深层地下淡水掺兑NaCl而成)灌水处理,研究了甜脆豌豆植株地上部和根系生长状况以及豌豆营养品质对咸水灌溉的响应。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,灌溉水矿化度为3.6 g/L和4.6 g/L时出苗率显著(P<0.05)降低,降幅分别为12.5%和31.2%;甜脆豌豆的株高、地上部鲜/干物质量均随灌溉水矿化度的增加而显著(P<0.05)降低;在播后16 d时1.6 g/L和2.6 g/L处理的甜脆豌豆根系干物质积累未明显降低,但是在播后32d时咸水灌溉处理的根系干物质较淡水灌溉处理分别降低28.9%、40.5%、52.2%和53.1%;随灌溉水矿化度的增加,甜脆豌豆的根冠比呈增加趋势,豌豆淀粉量呈降低趋势,但2.6 g/L与0.6g/L处理间差异不显著(P≥0.05),豌豆可溶性蛋白量和可溶性糖量表现出先增加后减少的趋势,最大值均出现在2.6 g/L处理。【结论】开展基质栽培咸水灌溉甜脆豌豆是可行的,但灌溉水矿化度应≤2.6 g/L。     

菜用豌豆尖专用品种云豌1号的选育

云豌1号是以食荚90-17(无须蔓生品种)为母本,以食荚大菜豌(矮生品种)为父本进行杂交,经系统选育而成的矮生无须菜用豌豆新品种。植株直立矮生,株高50～60 cm,复叶无须(即卷须退化),营养体发达,叶片肥厚,嫩梢纤维少,幼苗质地柔软,食用品质佳,VC含量34.9 mg · kg~(-1),总黄酮含量3?290 mg · kg~(-1)。一般每667 m~2可产嫩尖850～1?200 kg,适宜云南省海拔1?100～2?400 m的豌豆产区或南方生境相似的秋播豌豆产区种植。     

桂木9号的选育与应用

桂木9号是利用丰产性好的印度改良木豆品系ICPL 90008与抗病虫、植株高大的广西地方种木豆2号杂交,经7年7代系统选育而成的木豆新品系。该品系具有分枝多、产量高、抗病虫能力强、用途广等特点,产量比目前推广的品种要高,公顷产量在2250~3000kg之间,适合作粮食、青饲料和生态树种。根据不同用途选择适宜的种植地和种植密度,科学肥水管理,及时中耕除草,注意病虫草害防治,适时采收,可获得较高产量。