北京鹫峰地区松栎混交群落结构与物种多样性

利用在北京鹫峰地区设置的8个样方的调查资料,对该地区松栎混交群落结构及物种多样性进行了分析研究。结果表明:群落土壤呈微酸性,自然肥力较低;调查共计维管束植物58种,隶属于36科56属,其中乔木树种占主导地位,植株的最大密度为1 975株/hm2;生活型谱以高位芽植物最多,1年生草本植物比例居中,反映出群落水分条件一般;群落结构分明,乔木层、灌木层和草本层层次清晰;乔木以栓皮栎占绝对优势,其重要值最高,优势度明显;乔木层物种多样性指数不高,群落物种丰富度和多样性指数主要受灌木层和草本层影响,群落处于恢复前期;群落的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数反映出基本一致的趋势,不同层次的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优秀度指数、种间相遇机率和Pielou均匀度指数的趋势基本上是草本层>灌木层>乔木层。     

土池养殖南美白对虾合理密度研究简报

在土池养殖场环境下,分析对虾土池精养产量与合理养成密度的关系。以求更好发挥单位水体的生产效力,促进对虾养殖朝着更健康、更高效的方向发展。     

菲律宾蛤仔对石油烃的污染动力学和阈值研究

以食用菲律宾蛤仔为研究对象,采用半静态动力学富集实验方法,探讨双壳贝类对石油烃的污染动力学特征。结果表明:经过4d石油烃在贝体和水环境之间达到稳态平衡;生物富集系数(BCF)为545;浓度为0.068 mg/L的石油烃水体组,富集平衡后贝体内的石油烃含量高于贝体内的石油烃异味阈值(25~30mg/kg)。参考USEPA、GB18421-2001等关于双壳贝类中石油烃限量的规定,根据石油多环芳烃的毒力机理,把菲律宾蛤仔对石油烃污染的安全阈值定为0.03~0.05mg/L较为合理。     

赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的化学组成、能量密度及对鳜的营养价值

为评价赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)和麦瑞加拉鲮(Cirrhinus mrigala)对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)的营养价值,分别测定了体质量为(5.27±1.03)g的赤眼鳟、(5.05±1.21)g的麦瑞加拉鲮和(5.19±0.92)g的鳜的化学组成,估算了这3种鱼的能量密度,以探讨赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜的可行性。结果显示,赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的全鱼蛋白质含量显著高于鳜,水分显著低于鳜(P0.05),必需氨基酸指数分别高达92.56%±2.31%和93.17%±0.36%,多数必需氨基酸的化学评分≥0.82。而赤眼鳟的脂肪和能量密度更高,显著高于麦瑞加拉鲮和鳜,灰分显著低于麦瑞加拉鲮(P0.05)。研究表明,这两种鱼对鳜都具有较高的营养价值,但赤眼鳟的营养价值更高,以赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜是可行的,这为转变鳜的养殖方式提供了参考。     

气象灾害对农业产量的影响及防御对策

在我国,农业生产是一项非常具有季节性和地域性的工作。特别容易受到季节、地域和水土 的影响。气象灾害是决定农业产量的重要因素。在一些地方,冬天容易出现温度很低的情况。由于 温度的高低是不可控的,所以有许多农作物会被冻伤,导致产量下降甚至绝收的情况。气象局要根据 当地的实际情况进行预防。     

自然保护区保护价值与措施探析

自然保护区是生态文明建设的主要阵地,自然保护区的建立、保护、规划、利用等工作不仅可 以保护良好的自然生态系统,还可以发展生态旅游等绿色经济,获取最大的经济效益和生态效益。     

Establishment techniques affect productivity,nutritive value and atmospheric N2 fixation of two sunn hemp cultivars

Nitrogen fertilization is a common practice for sustaining forage production in forage systems in southeastern United States. Warm-season annual legumes may be an alternative forage to warm-season perennial grasses that do not require N fertilization. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is a fast-growing, warm-season annual legume native to India and Pakistan. The objective of this 2-year study was to assess the herbage accumulation (HA), atmospheric N₂ fixation (ANF) and nutritive value of sunn hemp. Treatments were the factorial arrangement of two sunn hemp cultivars (“Crescent Sun” and “Blue Leaf”), three seeding rates (17, 28 and 39 kg seed/ha) and seed inoculation (inoculated or non-inoculated seeds), distributed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Crescent sun had greater HA (3,218 vs. 1764 kg DM/ha) and ANF (41 vs. 25 kg N/ha). Blue leaf had greater crude protein (CP) (188 vs. 176 g/kg) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) concentrations (564 vs. 531 g/kg) than crescent sun. Non-inoculated seed had greater CP than inoculated seed, 188 and 177 g/kg, respectively, and inoculation did not affect HA. Intermediate seeding rate (28 kg/ha) decreased HA (2002 kg DM/ha), while HA from high and low seeding rates (17 and 39 kg/ha, respectively) did not differ (2,863 and 2,615 kg DM/ha respectively). Planting non-inoculated crescent sun at 17 kg/ha seeding rate is a feasible management practice to produce sunn hemp in subtropical regions; however, inoculation should always be recommended for proper establishment.     

A proposal for enhanced EU herbage VCU and DUS testing procedures

Herbage production is regarded as having environment-friendly credentials. However, as the ruminant production it supports is facing major challenges on sustainability, environmental footprint and human health concerns, EU herbage cultivar testing must contribute to the solutions. Before new cultivars can be sold in a member state (MS) and gain EU-wide marketing, they must pass official tests to prove they are both novel (distinct, uniform and stable, DUS) with improved value for cultivation and use (VCU). Herbage species present specific challenges, as their allogamy imposes a wide within-cultivar variation that adds complexity to DUS tests and their “value” is only realized in ruminant produce. Current VCU systems measure production, chemical composition and disease/stress tolerances, often on large numbers of candidate cultivars, but prohibitive labour costs and logistics mean that animal intake, ruminant output or environmental benefits cannot be measured directly. Furthermore, some candidate cultivars with proven superior VCU fail DUS even though the non-distinct comparison is with a significantly lower performing registered cultivar. To resolve these problem cases, a “vmDUS” distinctness tool is proposed, which uses molecular markers but conforms to UPOV-declared principles. A short overview of current grassland research shows smart proxy measures of animal value can easily and quickly be adopted into an integrated pan-European (EU-VCU) test network. The proposed EU-VCU scheme will reallocate test resources to conduct these additional tests by placing MS in data sharing collaborations, while retaining their national listing authority. The benefits to all stakeholders from adopting these new testing procedures are considered.     

不同状态培养基下pH对香菇、滑菇及金针菇漆酶活性的影响

考察不同物理状态培养基条件下pH对香菇、滑菇、金针菇漆酶活性的影响,为香菇、滑菇、金针菇的栽培提供重要参考。固化培养基以及液体培养基以NaOH作为碱化剂,固体培养基以壳灰作为碱化剂,考察不同pH对3种食用菌漆酶活性的影响。结果表明：微碱化培养可提高3种不同食用菌的漆酶活力,并与培养基的物理状态有关。香菇在固化、液体、固体培养基中,pH分别为6.5、6.5以及6.0时漆酶活性最高,比对照提高5.3%~14.0%;金针菇适宜的pH分别为7.0、6.0和6.5,与对照相比提高35.9%~343.0%;滑菇适宜的pH均为6.0,与对照相比提高3.1%~94.9%。     

江苏近年育成粳稻新品种/系的稻瘟病抗性基因及穗颈瘟抗性分析

【目的】明确水稻品种携带的抗稻瘟病基育种应用价值,是利用抗病基因培育抗病品种控制病害流行的重要前期工作。【方法】利用功能标记分析了14个抗稻瘟病基因在江苏近年育成的195个粳稻新品种/系中的分布情况,并对其中158个品种和17份携带抗稻瘟病基因Pigm的高世代回交株系进行穗颈瘟接种鉴定。【结果】大多数品种携带2~5个抗病基因,但所有品种均不含有Pigm基因;Pib、Pita和Pikh基因在供试品种中的分布频率较高,均在45%以上,其余基因均在30%以内;Pid3、Pid2、Pia、Pb1在新育成品种中的出现频率明显高于审定品种。测试品种对穗颈瘟的抗性主要与3个基因显著相关,贡献率由高至低依次为Pia、Pi3/5/i和Pita;其中,Pia或Pi3/5/i与Pita间的聚合效应均显著高于各基因单独存在时的抗病效应,且以Pia和Pita间的聚合效应最强,携带该基因组合的所有品种对穗颈瘟均表现抗至高抗水平抗性。回交导入Pigm基因的所有17份株系对穗颈瘟的抗性均显著高于各自轮回亲本,且均达到了抗病以上水平。【结论】抗病基因Pigm及基因组合“Pia+Pita”在江苏粳稻抗穗颈瘟育种中具有重要的育种应用价值。