普瑞纳3136号饲料育肥藏系羯羊效果分析

将40只1岁龄青海藏系羯羊分为两组,通过饲喂试验对比普瑞纳育肥羊饲料与青海牧区当地自配料育肥效果,以研究两种精饲料对藏系羊生长性能及效益的影响.试验结果表明：对两组藏系羊同期进行60 d补饲,自配料组初始体重21.97＆#177;0.78 kg,结束体重35.20＆#177;1.49 kg,平均日增重220.17＆#177;13.24 g;普瑞纳饲料组初始体重21.89＆#177;0.91 kg,结束体重40.16＆#177;1.86 kg,平均日增重305.00＆#177;15.92 g.经样本平均值差异性显著性分析,两组初始体重差异不显著（p＞0.05）,而结束体重与期间平均日增重普瑞纳饲料组极显著高于自配料组（p＜0.01）.从效益上分析,普瑞纳饲料组每只羊比自配料组多收入98.68元.     

森林生态系统中植物养分利用效率(NUE)的研究

植物养分利用效率(NUE)是整个生态系统研究中的重要参数,反映植物对所处环境的适应能力。该文从植物NUE的概念出发,对森林生态系统中植物NUE的格局分布、引起植物NUE差异的生化基础,以及影响植物NUE因素等研究进行了综述,并对今后森林生态系统中植物NUE的研究进行展望。     

施肥对普陀樟苗木生长及养分吸收利用的影响

为了解不同施肥水平对普陀樟Cinnamomum japonicum var.chenii苗木生长及养分吸收利用情况的影响,设置了3个水平的田间试验,即不施肥(ck),常规施肥(T50,50 g·m-2)和增量施肥(T100,100 g·m-2),于2012年6月至9月观测苗高和地径,定期采集分析土壤和植物样品。结果表明:普陀樟苗木的苗高、地径、根部和茎部生物量均随施肥量的增加而增加(P<0.05);而叶生物量和总生物量在6月时随施肥量增加而升高(P<0.05),到9月时则呈先升后降的趋势(P<0.05)。苗木体内养分质量分数和单株养分含量随施肥量的增加而增加(P<0.05),不同处理均以叶片养分质量分数最高;养分吸收及利用率随着施肥的增加而降低(P<0.05),T50和T100处理各元素的吸收利用效率均为氮>磷>钾。到试验结束时,T50处理土壤养分质量分数与试验开始时持平,T100处理钾积累,ck引起钾亏缺。从移栽成活来看,T50苗木体内养分积累,有利于移栽成活,保持土壤养分平衡;而T100养分浪费。综合判断,普陀樟苗木最适需养量应为50 g·m-2到100 g·m-2,且较接近50 g·m-2。     

林火干扰对土壤理化性质的影响

通过实地调查与实验室测定,分析林火干扰对昆明近郊云南省森林自然中心华山松和柏木人工林林地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,火烧后,华山松林下土壤密度比未过火区增加11.48％,土壤自然含水量、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、总孔隙度以及毛管孔隙度分别下降32.38％、16.21％、18.71％、9.94％、22.44％;柏木林地土壤密度比未过火区增加10.38％,自然含水量、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、总孔隙度以及毛管孔隙度分别下降23.55％、10.77％、23.22％、5.38％、12.91％。过火区华山松林下土壤pH、有效磷含量比未过火区分别增加5.81％、130.25％,全氮、全磷、全钾、水解氮和速效钾含量分别下降53.30％、28.30％、22.60％、39.74％、25.32％;过火区柏木林下土壤pH、有效磷含量比未过火区分别增加12.33％、176.34％,全氮、全磷、全钾、水解氮和速效钾含量分别减少了31.28％、31.25％、67.09％、40.66％、51.21％。火烧后林地土壤更加板结,土壤养分含量降低,不利于土壤肥力的改善。     

覆盖和粮草间作对作物氮素吸收利用和土壤硝态氮累积的影响

为了减少普通地膜和氮肥的投入,实现该地区农业生态良性循环和土壤的可持续利用,在甘肃武威试验站采用完全随机裂区设计,研究了不同种植模式（玉米单作、玉米//毛苕子和玉米//箭筈豌豆）和覆盖方式（普通地膜覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和无覆盖）对玉米和绿肥作物氮素吸收以及土壤硝态氮累积的影响。结果表明：覆盖和间作对作物的氮素吸收利用具有显著促进作用。玉米收获期,与无覆盖相比,普通地膜覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖的玉米植株吸氮量分别增加21.46%,11.22%和34.63%,与玉米单作相比,玉米//毛苕子和玉米//箭筈豌豆的玉米吸氮量分别增加6.94%和6.26%。玉米收获期,秸秆覆盖的牧草植株吸氮量较普通地膜覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和无覆盖分别增加46.75%,72.31%和21.76%,间作毛苕子的吸氮量较间作箭筈豌豆增加25.26%。玉米收获期,各处理玉米带、牧草（裸露）带0～140cm土壤硝态氮累积量均低于牧草收获期,无论牧草收获期还是玉米收获期,单作玉米的玉米带、裸露带土壤硝态氮累积量均低于间作玉米。玉米收获期,普通地膜覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖的玉米带0~140cm土壤硝态氮累积量较无覆盖分别显著增加32.87%和27.82%,普通地膜覆盖的牧草（裸露）带0～140cm土壤硝态氮累积量较生物可降解地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和无覆盖分别增加9.17%、6.07%和35.45%。     

凤眼莲对重金属的吸收与其喂鱼后二次富集状况的初步研究

通过苏州东郊城河试验：凤眼莲对城河污水及其重金属具有很强的吸收积累和净化能力。经凤眼莲净化后，其污水中酚浓度从0．005～0．023毫克/升降到检不出来，总氮从5．330毫克／升降至2．330毫克／升，总磷从0．840毫克／升降至0．183毫克/升，COD从54．8毫克／升降至29．36毫克/升，水质透明度也有很大改善，从36．7厘米提高到90厘米左右。对重金属铜从0．57ppb降至0．32ppb，Pb0．14ppb降至0．06ppb，锌65．6ppb降至23．6ppb，镉0．14ppb降至O．03ppb等，从而使河水达到了渔业用水标准。根据实验结果，凤眼莲喂鱼后鱼类对重金属没有明显的二次富集现象，在鱼肉中重金属含量均在食品卫生标准(汞0．3毫克/公斤，铅2毫克/公斤、砷1毫克／公斤)以下。     

新平县蔗区土壤养分状况及施肥水平建议

对新平县甘蔗主要种植区域的土样进行养分测试分析,结果表明：51.76％的土壤偏酸,51.17％的土壤有机质偏低,45.88％的土壤碱解氮缺乏,27.05％的土壤缺磷,50.58％的土壤缺钾,38.57％的土壤缺硫,13.04％的土壤缺镁,94.29％的土壤缺硼,10％的土壤缺锰,31.43％的土壤缺锌.     

A Comparison of Three Different Hydroponic Sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an Aquaponic Test System

Murray Cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell), and Green Oak lettuce, Lactuca sativa, were used to test for differences between three hydroponic subsystems, Gravel Bed, Floating Raft and Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), in a freshwater Aquaponic test system, where plant nutrients were supplied from fish wastes while plants stripped nutrients from the waste water before it was returned to the fish. The Murray Cod had FCR's and biomass gains that were statistically identical in all systems. Lettuce yields were good, and in terms of biomass gain and yield, followed the relationship Gravel bed > Floating > NFT, with significant differences seen between all treatments. The NFT treatment was significantly less efficient than the other two treatments in terms of nitrate removal (20% less efficient), whilst no significant difference was seen between any test treatments in terms of phosphate removal. In terms of dissolved oxygen, water replacement and conductivity, no significant differences were observed between any test treatments. Overall, results suggest that NFT hydroponic sub-systems are less efficient at both removing nutrients from fish culture water and producing plant biomass or yield than Gravel bed or Floating hydroponic sub-systems in an Aquaponic context. Aquaponic system designers need to take these differences into account when designing hydroponic components within aquaponic systems.     

Digestibility, faeces recovery, and related carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus balances of five feed ingredients evaluated as fishmeal alternatives in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

This study shows that alternatives for fishmeal in a fish diet affect not only fish growth but also faeces stability and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) waste production. Wheat gluten diet (WGD), soybean meal extract diet (SBE), soybean meal diet (SBM), duckweed diet (DWD) and single‐cell protein diet (SCP) were evaluated as a fishmeal replacement on a 15% weight weight^?1 basis in tilapia diets. Fishmeal replacement affected dry matter (dm), protein, ash and P digestibility significantly. Faeces recovery (6.8–11.2%) was not significantly affected, although the amount of non‐recovered faeces and total faeces showed significant differences. Duckweed diet and SCP resulted in the largest amounts of non‐recovered and total faeces (199–210, 224–225 g dm kg^?1 feed dm). Compared with fishmeal diet (FMD), the WGD and SBE resulted in similar growth, but higher non‐faecal N losses (471–495 vs. 416 g N kg^?1 N). Soybean meal diet, DWD and SCP resulted in lower growth but less non‐faecal loss (409–450 g N kg^?1 N). The DWD and FMD had the highest N retention (480 g N kg^?1 N) compared with the other diets (431–451 g N kg^?1 N). Carbon retention, faecal and non‐faecal losses and P retention were similar for all diets (302–358, 142–176 and 489–523g C kg^?1 C, 606–704 g P kg^?1 P). Phosphorus faecal loss was lower for all diets (329–381 g P kg^?1 P) than for the FMD (401 g P kg^?1 P).     

漂白粉蓄积对日本蟳4种组织超微结构的影响

根据急性毒性试验确定了漂白粉对日本蟳的安全质量浓度为0．6mg／L，采用透射电镜技术研究了该质量浓度下漂白粉蓄积对日本蟳4种组织细胞(肌肉、鳃、肝胰脏和心脏)超微结构的影响。试验结果表明：漂白粉主要损伤日本蟳的鳃和肝胰脏，其次是心脏，肌肉基本无损害。鳃细胞的损害表现为鳃丝水肿，细胞器溶解，角质层变薄，线粒体、内质网的肿胀、解体；肝胰脏细胞的主要损害特征为肝管微绒毛减少、线粒体水肿解体、内质网扩张、细胞核空泡化、核膜水肿、脂肪滴增加；心脏细胞的毒理变化为线粒体内嵴肿胀、瓦解，肌原纤维不规则，内质网溶解。安全质量浓度的漂白粉经16d蓄积后，虽没有导致日本蟳死亡，但已对其体内的鳃、肝胰脏、心脏等组织细胞的超微结构产生了不同程度的影响。