Grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and physiological performance of indica/japonica hybrid rice in response to various nitrogen rates

Utilizing the heterosis of indica/japonica hybrid rice (IJHR) is an effective way to further increase rice grain yield.Rational application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer plays a very important role in using the heterosis of IJHR to achieve its great yield potential.However,the responses of the grain yield and N utilization of IJHR to N application rates and the underlying physiological mechanism remain elusive.The purpose of this study was to clarify these issues.Three rice cultivars currently used...     

蒙古冰草非结构性碳水化合物及碳氮磷化学计量特征对氮添加的响应

为揭示蒙古冰草对氮添加的响应机制,设置5个氮添加水平（0,0.8,1.6,2.4,4.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1）对蒙古冰草进行为期2个月处理后,测定根系、叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉、碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）的含量,分析氮添加对蒙古冰草叶片、根系非结构性碳水化合物（NSCs）与C、N、P含量及其化学计量特征关系的影响。结果表明：2.4 g N·m^-2·a^-1的氮素添加显著提高了蒙古冰草叶片、根系NSCs含量与C、N、P含量,且不同器官的响应有显著差异性（P<0.05）。叶片NSCs含量与叶片N、可溶性糖、淀粉含量、C/P及N/P呈显著正相关关系,与叶片P含量、C/N呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）;根系NSCs含量与根系C、N、C/P、N/P、可溶性糖和淀粉含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。叶片与根系N/P是影响蒙古冰草体内可溶性糖积累的主要因子;根系N含量与叶片P含量共同影响淀粉含量;叶片P含量、根系N含量及根系N/P综合影响NSCs含量。综上,适量的氮添加会缓解研究区蒙古冰草的N限制,促进NSCs合成,而大量氮添加会导致N、P比例失衡,加剧P限制。因此,未来气候变化背景下蒙古冰草人工草地种植或退化草地恢复管理过程中需要考虑优化氮肥施用量与适当的磷添加。     

口蹄疫病毒非型特异性检测方法研究进展

口蹄疫病毒非型特异性检测方法避免了口蹄疫不同血清型影响试验的敏感性,可快速简单的诊断口蹄疫病毒,判断免疫效果,检测感染历史等,如口蹄疫非型特异性RT-PCR、口蹄疫3ABC检测、VIA抗原AGID检测等,在口蹄疫防控中有广泛的应用。目前一些新开发的非型特异性检测方法更突出了简便性、快速性的特点,如横流装置(lateral flow device,LFD)可在1min～10min完验,设备只需要一台简单的样品搅拌器,非常适合基层使用。     

Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Siliqua Relating to Oil-filling in Mustard Seeds

Developing siliquas on the mustard inflorescence were sampled at basal, middle and apical positions and the changes in free sugars and starch in pod wall and seed vis-á-vis oil-filling in the seeds were studied. The dry matter and oil content per seed and pod wall was highest at initial stages in apical followed by mid-development stages in middle and late development stages in basal positions. The oil percentage m the pod wall decreased with the period of siliqua development. The phase of rapid oil filling in the seeds varied from 20 to 40 DAF (days after flowering) in basal to 10 to 30 DAF in middle and 10 to 20 DAF in apical positions. The content of starch and total soluble sugars (% dry weight basis) decreased in the seeds as well as pod walls but showed accumulation on per seed basis with a maximum at 20, 30 and 40 DAF while on pod wall basis, the maxima of total soluble sugars was at 20, 20 and 40 DAF in apical, middle and basal position respectively. In the pool of total soluble sugars, the proportion of non-reducing sugars was predominant. The activity of invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) declined while those of a-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) showed maximum values in the seeds as well as pod wall during the phase of rapid oil-filling in the seeds. The results suggested that ontogeny and duration of seed development vis-á-vis the environmental conditions played an important role in lipid biosynthesis in mustard seeds.     

The Control of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands in a South African Forest Nursery

Tests of several fumigants which control Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands under field and glasshouse conditions are reported. The soil fumigant basamid is the cheapest effective treatment available, at present. The implications of failure to control Phytophthora cinnamomi for forestry, agriculture and the indigenous flora are briefly discussed.     

检测猪血清口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3AB抗体ELISA方法的建立

用大肠杆菌表达的FMDV NSP 3AB经纯化后作为抗原,建立了3AB间接ELISA方法,该方法可用于判定被检动物是否感染了口蹄疫病毒.重组口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3AB作为检测抗原包被酶标板反应孔,以兔抗猪IgG/HRP酶结合物作为第2抗体,建立了抗非结构蛋白抗体检测的方法.用该方法检测了大量不同背景的猪血清,并与3ABC-I-ELISA检测结果进行比较.结果表明:3AB-I-ELISA和3ABC-I-ELISA的总符合率为98.9%,而且3AB-I-ELISA的特异性高于3ABC-I-ELISA.     

Perennial hybrids of Oryza sativa × Oryza rufipogon: Part II. Carbon exchange and assimilate partitioning

Oryza species differ in their degree of perenniality, which has implications for patterns of carbon distribution in the plant. Interspecific F₁ hybrids of Oryza sativa × Oryza rufipogon were compared with their parental lines to assess whether they differed in assimilate storage and distribution at flowering and after maturity of the first cohort of panicles. The F₁ hybrids varied widely in plant type, but on average they had small plant size and low main tiller weights at anthesis, similar to O. rufipogon, and had intermediate tiller numbers and final single plant weights similar to cultivated rice. O. rufipogon had higher concentrations of starch in stems at anthesis, while interspecific hybrids exhibited comparatively low leaf, stem + sheath, and root sugar concentrations. Near anthesis, substantial ¹⁴C label remained in the source (flag) leaf in O. sativa and F₁ hybrids, while in O. rufipogon more label was exported to sink tissues. The hybrids partitioned more ¹⁴C label to panicles than did cultivated rice and less to leaf sheaths than either parent. Hybrids that had previously been identified as having above-average carbon exchange rates (CER) did not differ consistently from the low-CER hybrids in carbohydrate dynamics. The cultivated species itself maintains some perennial features, and changes in these traits might increase productivity.     

Yield and nutritive value of timothy as affected by temperature,photoperiod and time of harvest

Scenarios of global climate change forecast an increase in air temperature of 3°C over the next 100 years in eastern Canada. Growth and nutritive value of cool‐season grasses are known to be affected by air temperature. It is also believed that grasses grown at high latitude have a greater nutritive value. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of four combinations of day/night temperature and photoperiod (15 h–17/5°C; 15 h–22/10°C; 15 h–28/15°C; and 17 h‐17/5°C) on dry‐matter (DM) yield, in vitro true DM digestibility (IVTD), in vitro digestibility of neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF), and concentrations of NDF, acid‐detergent fibre (ADF), lignin, minerals and non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) in timothy grown under controlled conditions. Furthermore, herbage was harvested in the morning and in the afternoon to assess the impact of the time of harvest. The dietary cation–anion difference [DCAD = (K⁺ + Na⁺) ? (Cl^? + 0·6 S^2?)] and the grass tetany index [GT index = K⁺/(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)] were also calculated. Higher temperature regimes significantly decreased IVTD and digestibility of NDF but had a limited effect on concentrations of NDF, ADF and lignin. DM yield of herbage was less and the concentration of NSC was greater in timothy grown under a temperature regime of 28/15°C than the 17/5°C and 22/10°C regimes; this effect is mainly explained by a response to temperature stress. Values of DCAD and the GT index of herbage were also lower under the 28/15°C than the 17/5°C and 22/10°C regimes as a result of a decreased plant K concentration. Under the 17/5°C regime, an increase in 2 h of photoperiod resulted in increased DM yield, decreased concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Cl and N, and an increased starch concentration; IVTD or digestibility of NDF were not affected, although lignin concentration was reduced. Harvesting timothy in the afternoon rather than in the morning resulted in higher NSC, mainly sucrose, concentrations, and decreased ADF and NDF concentrations. The forecasted increase in air temperature in eastern Canada over the next 100 years will result in lower yields and nutritive value of timothy.     

Genotypic variation in linear rate of grain growth and contribution of stem reserves to grain yield in wheat

Grain growth in wheat depends on current photosynthesis and stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). In semiarid regions with terminal drought, grain filling in wheat crops may depend more on stem WSC content than on current assimilates. Reduction in grain yield under drought is attributed to shorter duration of linear grain growth despite increased contribution of stem reserves to grain yield. The amount of stem reserves is measured either by changes in stem dry weight (indirect method) or by stem WSC content (direct method). Genotypic variation in the rate and duration of linear grain growth and in percent contribution of stem reserves to grain yield has not been evaluated in wheat. The objectives of this study were: (i) to quantify the relationship between the direct and indirect measurement of stem reserves during and across the grain-filling period and (ii) to measure the extent of genotypic variation in rate and duration of linear grain growth and in percent contribution of stem reserves to grain yield. Dry weight, WSC content and grain yield of the main stem were measured at 10-day intervals in 11 diverse wheat genotypes under well-watered and droughted-field conditions across 2 years. Drought reduced stem WSC content from 413 to 281 mg and grain yield from 4.6 to 2.5 t ha⁻¹. Stem WSC content and dry weight were positively correlated. Genotypic differences in linear rate of grain growth were significant in well-watered (ranging from 48.9 to 72.4 mg spike⁻¹ day⁻¹) and in droughted-field (ranging from 33.2 to 59.9 mg spike⁻¹ day⁻¹) conditions. Drought, on average, reduced the linear rate and duration of grain growth by 20 and 50%, respectively. Reduction in linear rate ranged from 13 to 43%. The amount of current assimilates and stem reserves contributed to grain yield was reduced, respectively, by 54 and 11% under drought. Genotypic differences in percent contribution of stem reserves to grain yield were significant in well-watered (ranging from 19.1 to 53.6%) and in droughted-field (ranging from 36.6 to 65.4%) conditions. The wheat genotypes responded differently to drought. Main spike grain yield was reduced by 43% under drought due to 26 and 11% reduction in grain weight and number of grains, respectively. Grain yield was correlated with linear grain growth under well-watered (r = 0.96) and droughted (r = 0.83) conditions. The genotypic variation observed indicates that breeding for a higher rate of linear grain growth and greater contribution of stem reserves to grain yield should be possible in wheat to stabilize grain yield in stressful environments.     

麦芽糖等糖类对重茬土壤改良和苹果砧木生长的影响

研究土施麦芽糖等糖类对重茬土壤改良和苹果砧木生长的影响,为缓解当前苹果连作障碍提供新的途径。2014年4月,在装有10kg重茬土的苗盆中栽种长出5片真叶的平邑甜茶幼苗,分别施入浓度为50,100,200mg/kg的果糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖和阿拉伯糖;2014年9月,测量生长量、土壤微生物及土壤总有机碳(TOC)。结果表明:与CK相比,200mg/kg葡萄糖处理,株高增加52.9%;200mg/kg麦芽糖处理,地茎增加12.2%、叶绿素相对含量增加12.5%;100mg/kg葡萄糖处理光合速率增加18.5%;50mg/kg果糖和阿拉伯糖处理能显著增加土壤中的细菌数量,分别增加了119.7%和127.6%;土壤中的放线菌数量会随着阿拉伯糖的施入浓度增加而显著提高,按施入浓度从低到高,土壤放线菌的数量分别增加了66.7%,222.9%,266.7%;50mg/kg麦芽糖处理,土壤中的真菌数量降低最多,减少了71.7%,效果极显著;100mg/kg葡萄糖处理,土壤TOC含量最高,升高60.0%。在研究结果基础上进行主成分分析得知,在100mg/kg麦芽糖处理下,相对于CK,株高提高47.9%、茎粗增加11.1%、叶绿素相对含量提高8.5%、光合速率提高16.3%、土壤中真菌数量降低49%、土壤中TOC含量高47.6%,均差异极显著。综上,土施100mg/kg麦芽糖显著提高苹果砧木生长;抑制重茬土中土壤真菌数量优势明显,其土壤改良效果显著。