不同类型花生品种（系）干物质积累特性研究

通过对白皮、彩色、黑皮、红皮花生及白沙1016、花育16、花育19、花育20、花育22共9个不同类型品种（系）干物质积累动态规律研究表明,各品种（系）干物质积累过程均呈“S”型曲线特征,可以用kogstic方程进行很好的拟合。开花期至结荚初期是花生地上部干物质积累的关键时期,开花期各品种（系）花生干物质积累量平均占总积累量的45．2％,荚果期占近30％。高产花生品种有较高的生物学产量和根／冠比值,供试品种（系）成熟期根／冠比值平均达0．618。     

镉胁迫对不同类型花生品种籽仁品质和镉含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了镉胁迫对5个不同类型花生品种籽仁品质和镉含量的影响及品种间的差异。结果表明,不同镉水平（≤24mg／kg）胁迫下,花生籽仁中镉含量随土壤镉含量的增加而增加（P〈0．05）,其中在低镉浓度（〈3mg／kg）下,花生籽仁的镉积累能力较强,但品种间镉积累能力存在显著差异（P〈0．05）;镉胁迫对花生籽仁蛋白质和重要不饱和脂肪酸含量均有影响,但品种间存在差异,KB054是本试验中镉耐受能力最强的品种。     

不同叶龄期氮磷钾缺失对棉花生长及养分积累的影响

[目的]利用不同叶龄期棉花营养供应的中断,探寻不同时期棉花缺素症状及其养分的吸收积累状况.[方法]设计缺N、缺P、缺K和对照处理的水培试验,分析测定棉花株高、叶面积、营养元素含量和干物质积累量等指标,研究了N、P、K素缺失对棉株生长性状及N、P、K养分吸收的影响.[结果]缺素对棉株的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,缺氮、缺磷、缺钾处理的棉株株高和倒四叶叶面积平均较正常棉株分别降低了37.4;、20.8;、27.6;和33.3;、32.5;、20.3;.同时,缺素严重影响了棉株对N、P、K养分的吸收积累,缺氮处理的棉株在四叶期、八叶期和十二叶期的N吸收积累量分别比正常棉株的降低了53.3;、37.8;和27.5;;缺磷处理的棉株在四叶期、八叶期和十二叶期的P吸收积累量分别比正常棉株的降低了75.2;、73.1;和74.1;;缺钾处理的棉株在四叶期、八叶期和十二叶期的K吸收积累量分别比正常棉株降低了44.9;、38.3;和37.4;.氮磷钾的缺失均会显著降低棉花整株干物质的积累量,分别比正常棉株下降了24.1;、13.4;和24.0;.[结论]大量元素的缺失显著影响棉花生长发育和光合产物的积累,在生育前期(八叶期以前)氮磷钾缺失显著延缓棉花生长和减少养分吸收,后期(十二叶期以后)氮磷钾缺失显著降低棉花干物质积累.因此,依叶龄合理施肥能及时供给棉花养分需求,提高养分利用效率,为棉花高效生产提供理论依据.     

雌激素胁迫对萝卜种子萌芽和幼苗生长及其累积效应的影响

通过水培试验,研究了不同浓度17β-雌二醇(17β-E2)胁迫对萝卜种子萌芽、幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系统活性的影响,以及17β-E2在幼苗体内的积累。结果发现,萝卜种子的发芽势、发芽率和根长与17β-E2处理浓度呈负相关,在10 μg/L浓度时17β-E2刺激萝卜种子的发芽势和根长明显增加,诱导幼苗体内抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT活性显著上升;但在50 μg/L浓度的17β-E2胁迫下,SOD、CAT和POD活性受到明显抑制,MDA含量显著升高,幼苗抗氧化能力显著降低,膜质过氧化程度加剧;受17β-E2污染,萝卜幼苗体内17β-E2积累量随着处理浓度的升高而增加,其在根部累积量要大于地上部分,在转运过程中发生17β-E2代谢,产生具有低雌激素活性的雌酮。萝卜对17β-E2胁迫具有一定的抗性,在17β-E2污染土壤中种植萝卜存在潜在的食用安全风险。     

Developing a critical nitrogen dilution curve for forage brassicas

Defining the critical nitrogen concentration (N_c; g N kg^?1) for maximum growth of forage brassicas will aid in the fertilizer management of these crops. Typically, the N_c value decreases with increasing crop biomass. In this paper, we used a nitrogen (N) response experiment with kale (Brassica oleracea) to define a critical N dilution (N_c = 55·3 × biomass^?0·47). However, at biomass <3·4 t ha^?1, a constant N_C of 31·2 g N kg^?1 was found. This N dilution curve compared favourably with published data sets for a range of forage brassicas but was substantially different from the established N dilution curve for oilseed rape (Brassica napus). This study also found a strong relationship (R² = 0·81) between the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and the NO₃ content of forage brassicas from a range of data sets. The NNI is the actual N concentration of the shoot as a ratio of the N_c from the established curve. The relationship between NNI and NO₃ contents was significantly different between leafy forage brassica crops and root forage brassicas. For each 0·1 increase in NNI, the proportion of total N that was in the form of NO₃ increased by 2·7% for leaf/stem brassicas and 0·60% for root crop brassicas. The critical dilution curve defined in this study can be used to manage fertilizer N in forage brassica crops, so that growth can be maximized but the risk of high NO₃ concentrations in the forage can be minimized.     

不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应

通过水培试验,以典型耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3和低钾敏感玉米自交系835为试材,分别于4、6、7、9和10叶期测定玉米根形态、根系还原力、伤流量和干物质积累量,研究不同耐性玉米自交系苗期根系对低钾胁迫的生物学响应。结果表明,低钾胁迫下,耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3表现为根长增幅大,根表面积、根体积降幅小,根平均直径降幅大。与低钾敏感玉米自交系835相比,低钾胁迫下耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3的根系相对发达、根系活力强、伤流量大及干物质积累量较大。     

低温对小麦幼苗干物质积累及根系分泌物的影响

为了解小麦干物质积累和根系分泌物变化与小麦抗寒性的关系,采用盆栽方法,以弱春性小麦品种兰考矮早八、偃展4110和半冬性小麦品种豫麦49-198、周麦18为材料,设置4个不同温度处理(T1:昼夜均为18℃;T2:昼夜分别为12℃/7℃;T3:昼夜均为4℃;T4:昼夜均为-10±3℃),研究了低温对小麦幼苗干物质积累、根系分泌物和相对电导率的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫2 d,小麦根系分泌物中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及总酚含量升高;低温胁迫3 d,T3处理下,小麦根系分泌物中游离氨基酸和总酚含量较高,T4处理下小麦根系分泌物中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸及总酚含量均表现最低,而可溶性糖含量较高。低温胁迫下,根系相对电导率升高,其中豫麦49-198升幅最小,而兰考矮早八升幅最大。低温胁迫下,小麦幼苗干物质积累受到抑制。T3处理下,豫麦49-198干物质积累及幼苗相对生长速率均较高。在4个小麦品种中,豫麦49-198抗寒性较强,兰考矮早八抗寒性较弱。     

播量及移栽基本苗对水稻新品种盐粳218产量的影响

采用小区对比试验方法,研究了播量、移栽基本苗对水稻新品种盐粳218生育及产量的影响。结果表明,降低播量可使盐粳218秧苗的干物重、充实度、带蘖率增加。处理A1B4的单产为604.4 kg/667 m2,比A3B6、A1B2、A2B3、A3B4、A1B3、A2B5、A2B4、A3B5处理分别增产了7.8%、7.0%、4.7%、3.2%、2.6%、2.2%、1.3%、1.3%,其单位面积有效穗数及颖花数、生物产量及齐穗后干物质积累量占籽粒产量百分比均较高。在播量100、200、300 g/m2前提下,对应移栽基本苗4.5万～5.5万/667 m2、5.5万～6.5万/667 m2、6.0万～7.0万/667 m2均可使盐粳218获得较高的产量与效益。     

Water and Sediment Quality,Phytoplankton Communities,and Channel Catfish Production in Sodium Nitrate-Treated Ponds

Three channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds were treated at two-week intervals with sodium nitrate at 2 mg NO₃ ^?-N/L per application and three ponds served as controls. Average concentration of nitrite-nitrogen measured midway between application dates never exceeded 1.2 mg/L in treated ponds, but on most sampling dates, nitrate concentrations were greater than those in control ponds (P < 0.1). Disappearance of nitrate-nitrogen from waters of treated ponds resulted primarily from nitrate reduction to free nitrogen gas. Soluble reactive and total phosphorus concentrations tended to be higher (P < 0.1) in treated ponds than in control ponds. There were no differences (P > 0.1) in pH and concentrations of total alkalinity, total ammonia nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen between treated and control ponds. The higher chlorophyll a concentration (P < 0.1) suggested that greater availability of nutrients in treated ponds resulted in more phytoplankton growth than in control ponds. Because of greater phytoplankton biomass, turbidity was higher and Secchi disk visibility less in treated ponds as compared to control ponds (P < 0.1). There were no obvious differences in phytoplankton community composition with respect to treatment—blue-green algae dominated the phytoplankton community in both treated and control ponds. Redox potential in sediment during crops was higher in ponds treated with sodium nitrate than in control ponds, indicating less anaerobic conditions. However, catfish survival, production, and feed conversion ratio did not differ (P > 0.1) between treatment and control.     

初花后土壤碱解氮浓度对棉花生物量和氮素累积特征的影响

试验于2009-2010年分别在江苏省棉花科技示范基地东台市(120°19' E, 32°52' N)和大丰市(120°28' E,33°12' N)进行。设置6个水平(0、150、300、375、450和600 kg hm^–2)施氮量,研究土壤碱解氮浓度变化特征及对棉花生物量和氮素累积特征的影响。结果表明,棉花初花后土壤碱解氮浓度的动态变化可用三次函数方程模拟,棉花生物量、氮素累积动态可用Logistic方程拟合;土壤碱解氮浓度快速下降期的平均速率、持续时间分别与棉株生物量、氮素快速累积期的最大相对累积速率、持续时间有较高的相关性;在375 kg hm^–2施氮量下,土壤碱解氮浓度快速下降期具最佳平均速率和持续时间,棉株生物量和氮素快速累积期有最优的累积特征值,棉花具有最优的生物量、氮素累积特征值,棉花产量最高、综合品质最优。高施氮量和低施氮量皆不利于棉花生物量和氮素的累积。因此,适宜的施氮量及施氮运筹可调节棉花初花后土壤碱解氮浓度的动态变化,优化棉花生物量和氮素的累积以及产量和品质。