蔬菜间作及氮肥调控对土壤硝酸盐及氮素表观损失的影响

作物根系分布深度不同,其吸收养分的土壤区域也有所不同。采用大田试验方法,选择深根系的茄子和浅根系的大葱进行间作种植,并辅以氮素调控措施,研究其对土壤硝态氮时空变异规律及氮素表观损失的影响。研究表明,在减量施肥条件下,土壤硝酸盐运移和累积的规律均为间作区含量低于单作区,表明与单作相比,茄子与大葱间作能有效阻截硝酸盐的向下淋洗,并有效减少土壤中硝酸盐累积量。间作种植模式下,减量施肥能够减少土壤中硝酸盐含量,特别是深层土壤,在作物生长期间,硝酸盐含量均比常规施肥区明显降低;土壤剖面硝酸盐累积量也表现为减量施肥区明显低于常规施肥区。采用蔬菜间作和减量施肥,均能不同程度的减少氮素的表观损失。     

Spatio-temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate conifer plantations and natural hardwood forests in northern Japan

To document the spatial and temporal variation of environmental signals inducing seed germination in temperate forests, we measured temporal patterns of environmental signals and seed germination of six pioneer tree species in unthinned and thinned stands of conifer forests (Cryptomeria japonica plantations) and in the understory and gaps of hardwood forests in Japan. We also conducted germination experiment in laboratory for the six pioneer species to test the effects of red:far-red (R:FR) light ratio and temperature fluctuations on the seed germination. In conifer forests, the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), the R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations in thinned stands were 2, 1.5, and 3 times higher, respectively, than those of unthinned stands. The PPFD and R:FR ratios just above forest floor also increased after the removal of thick litter accumulation. As a result, higher seed germination was observed in thinned compared to unthinned stands for three photoblastic species, whereas little differences were observed for three non-photoblastic species. These findings suggest that thinning, which frequently reduces litter accumulation, can substantially affect the regeneration of pioneer species and the resultant species diversity in conifer plantations. None of the measured environmental signals changed seasonally in unthinned stands of conifer forests, but they all changed remarkably in the understory of the hardwood forests. In this system, all signals were high and nearly identical to those in the gaps in early spring prior to canopy closure. Thus, the percent germination of the three photoblastic species was enhanced by high R:FR ratios and/or large temperature fluctuations even beneath the canopy and was nearly equal to that in the thinned conifer stands where the environmental conditions were nearly identical to those in the gaps. However, all of the environmental signals decreased with the expansion of canopy leaves and reached minimums at canopy closure. Even in the thinned stands and the gaps, the PPFD and magnitude of temperature fluctuations decreased over time due to shading by growing herbs and/or emerging canopy leaves. In these temporally changing environments, the germination of all photoblastic species ceased simultaneously. This study clearly demonstrated that the environmental signals inducing seed germination of photoblastic pioneer species spatially and temporally change in temperate forests, particularly in deciduous hardwood forests. Furthermore, these signals, PPFD, R:FR ratio, and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations, appear to play a very important role in tree regeneration and subsequent species diversity.     

双波长分光光度法测定土壤硝态氮的可行性研究

为了探寻简单、快速的土壤硝态氮测定方法,以指导农业生产氮肥施用,对双波长长法测定土壤硝态氮的方法进行了探讨,并与广泛应用的反射仪法和流动分析仪测定方法进行了比较,结果表明双波长分光光度法与反射仪测定和流动分析仪测定方法高度相关,操作简便、准确,可用于土壤硝态氮的测定。     

施氯量与烤烟物质积累相关关系及适宜施氯量研究

采用田间试验,研究了烤烟生长期间烟株氯含量、氯积累量、以及烤后烟叶化学成分与施氯量之间的相关关系。结果表明, 烤烟生长期间烟株不同部位氯含量和氯积累量与施氯量之间呈显著或极显著的线性正相关关系或指数函数关系;烤后烟叶总氮含量、X2F和C3F两个等级烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量与施氯量之间均呈显著或极显著的线性正相关,总钾含量与施氯量之间极显著的线性负相关,总氯含量与施氯量之间呈显著或极显著的线性正相关关系或指数函数关系。根据终采时不同部位和烤后烟叶不同等级的氯含量与施氯量之间的相关关系,计算烤烟适宜的施氯量,认为施氯量在24 kg/hm2左右,对烤后烟叶氯含量是安全的,同时基本可保证烤后烟叶氯含量在0.3%以上。     

马唐与玉米间作对镉的富集效果研究初探

采用盆栽土培试验,研究了马唐与玉米间作对玉米吸收和积累镉的影响。结果表明,无论是单作玉米还是间作玉米,同一镉浓度处理下,玉米各器官的舍镉量均为：根〉茎〉叶〉籽粒;同一器官不同镉浓度处理的镉含量大小顺序为：10mg〉5mg〉0mg。在没有镉胁迫情况下,单作马唐地上部积累的镉略高与间作马唐;当加入外源镉时,间作马唐积累的镉高于单作马唐,且达到显著水平。马唐对镉的积累量随着镉浓度的增加,马唐地上部积累镉的量也在相应增加。玉米与马唐间作系统,促进了玉米根部对镉的吸收,而籽粒中镉的含量反而有所降低。研究初步表明,玉米与马唐间作之后,能够相互促进对镉的吸收.     

种植密度对高梁子粒淀粉积累的影响

以铁杂17号为试验材料,研究种植密度对高粱子粒淀粉积累的影响.结果表明,随着子粒灌浆过程,高粱子粒中直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量和总淀粉含量均不断增加,在中等适宜密度条件下,成熟期淀粉含量最高.总淀粉积累速率动态呈先增后降的变化,随密度的增加,积累速率有所下降.中、低密度条件下,子粒直链淀粉积累速率有2个快速积累期,即开花后的28d和42d前后;灌浆初期高密度处理的积累速率大,而随着生育进程的发展,低密度处理的积累速率增大.子粒支链淀粉积累速率在开花后的20d和35d前后比较高,末期积累速率减小.灌浆的中期阶段低密度处理的支链淀粉与直链淀粉的比值比较大,灌浆的前期高密度处理的支链淀粉与直链淀粉的比值比较大.     

硝酸镧浸种对水稻种子萌发及生理生化特性的影响

以水稻种子为材料,探讨了不同La3+浓度浸种对水稻种子萌发及生理生化特性的影响.结果表明.La3+浸种对水稻种子萌发及生理生化特性的影响与La3+的浓度有关.在1～30mg·-1的La3+浸种能提高水稻种子的活力及淀粉酶、过氧化物酶、脂肪酶的活力,并且能促进水稻幼苗茎、叶和根系的生长.当浓度超过50mg·L-1时,水稻种子萌发及幼苗的生长受到抑制.La3+对水稻植株根系生长的影响比茎叶生长的影响要显著.     

钾肥不同基追比对冬小麦产量、养分积累及钾肥利用效率的影响

采用大田试验研究了钾肥不同基追比对冬小麦产量、植株养分积累量及钾肥利用效率的影响,研究结果表明:施用钾肥能够增加冬小麦产量、提高植株养分积累量;钾肥分次施用增产效果好于钾肥全部基施,亦能增加冬小麦后期植株养分积累量,提高钾肥利用效率。钾肥增产率为1.59%~7.55%、钾肥农学效率为1.21~5.75 kg/kg、钾肥利用率为36.37%~57.63%、钾肥偏生产力为77.37~81.91 kg/kg,各施钾处理中均以钾肥50%基肥+50%拔节期追肥效应最佳。     

不同施肥组合对晋菜3号大白菜产量及硝酸盐累积的影响

大白菜因其分布广、产量高、种植面积大在人们的菜篮子中占有重要的地位。通过10个施肥处理的随机重复试验得出:处理8(N360P90K270)的产量最高;不同处理下,晋菜3号大白菜吸氮量的变化规律基本一致,团棵期到结球初期(播种后25～45d)吸氮量最多;10个处理的大白菜球叶硝酸盐含量均比外叶低。     

喷施氯化钾对油菜体内氮素分配的影响

采用土培试验,研究了叶茎喷施1%的氯化钾溶液对油菜开花期氮素分配及其体内硝酸盐累积再利用的影响.以喷施1.17%的硫酸钾溶液(要求氯化钾和硫酸钾溶液中的钾离子的浓度相同)和清水相比较,在开花后期开始喷施,每2 d喷洒一次,连续喷洒15 d,喷洒部位主要在叶和茎,重点喷洒叶的背面,尽量不喷洒至叶柄,于角果初期采样.结果表明,喷施氯化钾溶液能有效降低油菜茎叶硝酸盐含量,与喷施硫酸钾溶液和清水相比达到了显著水平;有效促进了氮素向角果分配;喷施氯化钾还可以增强叶片硝酸还原酶的活性,但不影响喷洒后采样时油菜总的鲜质量;而且品种之间处理后的差异比较明显,同一品种不同处理之间的差异也比较显著.