覆膜穴播方式对旱地小麦田土壤硝态氮和铵态氮积累的影响

为明确全膜覆土穴播栽培方式下旱地小麦土壤氮素的转化规律,采用比色法测定了全膜覆土穴播、传统地膜穴播和露地穴播冬、春小麦苗期、拔节期和收获期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量。结果表明,在一次性基施氮肥后的第3年,0~60cm土层硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加呈逐渐降低趋势,硝态氮大部分累积在土壤中下层(80~160cm)。随着春(冬)小麦的生长发育,各处理土壤硝态氮含量均呈"S"型变化,在120~160cm土层会出现一高峰值。相比露地穴播,全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播能更好地利用0~80cm土层硝态氮。铵态氮含量在耕层土壤中较高,且随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低。全膜覆土穴播和传统地膜穴播减少了春(冬)小麦各生育时期0~60cm土层的铵态氮含量。     

高产小麦花后植株氮素累积、转运和产量的水氮调控效应

为给高产小麦合理灌溉和氮肥施用提供科学依据,以小麦品种豫麦49-198为材料,在豫北高产麦田研究了不同水、氮处理对小麦花后植株氮素吸收、累积和转运的影响。试验采取灌水与施氮量两因子裂区设计,其中灌水为主区,设全生育期不灌水(W0)、拔节期灌1水(W1)和拔节水+开花水灌2水(W2)3个水平;施氮量为副区,设置4个水平,即每公顷施纯氮量0kg(N0)、180kg(N1)、240kg(N2)和300kg(N3)。结果表明,W1和W2下小麦籽粒产量较W0分别提高16.6%和25.6%,蛋白质产量分别提高14.2%和19.2%。籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的提高与氮素积累和转运有关。灌水增加了茎鞘、叶片和颖轴的氮素累积量,提高了茎鞘氮素转运效率和贡献率,但减小了叶片氮素转运量、转运效率和贡献率。施氮可显著增加小麦花后植株氮素累积量及氮素转运量,进而提高小麦籽粒氮素累积量和蛋白质产量。与N0相比,成熟期N1、N2和N3籽粒氮素累积量分别增加44.9%、59.3%和60.2%,叶片贡献率分别增加60.2%、40.9%和61.5%,籽粒产量分别提高75.3%、73.5%和79.8%。水氮互作显著影响叶片氮素累积量和氮素转运效率,但对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响不显著。综合来看,在豫北高产条件下,不灌水或灌1水时小麦适宜施氮量为180~240kg·hm-2,灌2水时适宜施氮量为240kg·hm-2。     

Involvement of heme synthesis in the growth stimulation of maize seedlings by 5‐aminolevulinic acid

The growth of maize seedlings was stimulated by shoot‐applied 5‐aminolevulinic acid 2 days after treatment at 90 and 120 μmol L^?1. The effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid on the activity of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.2) and nitrite reductase (EC 1.7.7.1) and the chlorophyll, ammonium, heme and total free amino acid content were investigated by using maize seedlings to clarify the involvement of nitrogen metabolism and heme synthesis in the growth stimulation. 5‐Aminolevulinic acid increased the level of nitrate reductase activity at 90 μmol L^?1 and the ammonium and heme content at 90 and 120 μmol L^?1 2 days after treatment. The total amino acid content increased by 90 and 150 μmol L^?1 5‐aminolevulinic acid 2 and 3 days after treatment, respectively. However, no significant change was observed in the activity of nitrite reductase or the chlorophyll content after the 5‐aminolevulinic acid treatment. These results suggest that the enhancement of nitrogen metabolism by nitrate reductase activation is involved in the 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐induced stimulation of maize seedling growth. The activation of nitrate reductase might be related to an increase in the heme content following the 5‐aminolevulinic acid treatment.     

Segregation of non‐target‐site resistance to herbicides in multiple‐resistant Alopecurus myosuroides plants

Non‐target‐site resistance (NTSR) comprises a set of mechanisms conferring resistance to multiple modes of action. Investigation of the number of loci involved in NTSR will aid in the understanding of these resistance mechanisms. Therefore, six different multiple herbicide‐resistant Alopecurus myosuroides plants with different herbicide history were crossed in two generations with a susceptible wild type. Seeds from the backcrossing generation were studied for their segregation rate for resistance to five herbicides with four different modes of action (HRAC groups C₂, A, B and K₃). Taking into account that NTSR is a set of quantitative traits, the numbers of loci controlling NTSR were estimated using a normal mixture model fitted by the NLMIXED procedure of SAS. Each herbicide was controlled by a different number of loci comparing the six plants. In most of the cases, chlorotoluron resistance was controlled by one locus, whereas resistance to fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl needed one or two loci. Resistance to pinoxaden was in all plants conferred by two loci. Cross‐resistance of fenoxaprop‐P‐ethyl and pinoxaden was found in all backcrossings, indicating that at least one of the two loci is responsible for both resistances. Resistance to mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron was conferred by a minimum of two loci. Results indicated that a minimum of five different loci can be involved in a multiple NTSR plant. Furthermore, the plant‐specific accumulation of NTSR loci was demonstrated. Such behaviour should be taken into account when evaluating the development and further spread of herbicide resistance.     

马铃薯淀粉合成关键酶与块茎淀粉积累的关系

为探讨淀粉在马铃薯块茎中积累规律, 及催化其生物合成的 4种关键酶。从而为马铃薯的淀粉品质改善提供合理依据。以淀粉含量不同的马铃薯品种 ‘东农 308’ 和 ‘延薯 4号’ 为材料, 在马铃薯匍匐茎顶端膨大后开始测定马铃薯叶片与块茎中的淀粉合成关键酶、 淀粉动态积累量以及直链淀粉动态积累量。研究结果表明, 这 4种关键酶在淀粉合成积累过程的不同时期表现出不同的活性强弱, 继而控制淀粉生物合成的开始与速率, 并影响马铃薯直链、 支链淀粉的合成与积累。且 ‘东农 308’ 淀粉含量以及淀粉各组分含量在各时期都要高于 ‘延薯 4号’ , 这也是由于 ‘东农 308’ 的淀粉合成关键酶活性高于 ‘延薯4号’ 的酶活性。     

膜下滴灌对水稻根系形态及生理性状的影响

为探明水稻在膜下滴灌灌溉方式下根系生长发生的变化,设置小区试验与传统淹灌进行对比,以粳稻品种“T-04”和“T-43”为材料,研究了膜下滴灌灌溉方式对水稻根系形态、根系氧化力和硝酸还原酶的影响.结果表明:土表下20 cm深度,膜下滴灌水稻的根系长度、表面积、体积和平均直径都高于传统淹灌,并且差异具有统计学意义.土表下40 cm,膜下滴灌对水稻根系形态影响不具有统计学意义;水稻根系氧化力都是呈先增大,后减小的趋势,水稻根系氧化力最大期因品种而异.分蘖期膜下滴灌对水稻根系氧化力的影响因品种而异,但在拔节孕穗期、齐穗期和乳熟期,膜下滴灌水稻根系氧化力高于传统淹灌,并且差异具有统计学意义,膜下滴灌水稻后期根系具有较强的抗衰老能力;膜下滴灌水稻根系硝酸还原酶活性高于传统淹灌,但在分蘖期和乳熟期的差异不具有统计学意义,在拔节孕穗期和齐穗期差异具有统计学意义.     

缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放特征及其对春玉米氮吸收的影响

为了探讨几种缓/控释肥在宁夏淡灰钙土上的氮素释放特性和生物学效应,寻求合适的缓/控释组合材料。通过盆栽试验,在氮磷钾等养分供应下研究了5个施肥处理对春玉米生长发育和氮素吸收利用的影响,同时探讨了几种缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放规律。结果表明,相对不施氮处理,施用缓/控释肥可提高春玉米株高、地上部生物量和总生物量,同时也能显著促进地上部氮、根系氮和总氮吸收量,其氮肥利用率达33.9%~39.7%,较NPK平衡施肥(31.5%)提高了2.4%~8.2%。自研制缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放天数在65天左右,释放高峰在第32天前后;而商品包膜尿素的氮素释放高峰在第17天前后,65天后依然有较高的氮素释放。因此,与商品包膜尿素相比,自研制缓/控释肥的氮素释放周期有待延长,但其对春玉米生育前期的氮素供应相对充足。     

小麦/玉米垄沟套作条件下施肥部位对土壤水氮分布的影响

通过旱棚小车模拟小麦/玉米垄沟套作种植试验,研究了3种不同垄沟部位(垄顶、垄底和沟中)施肥对小麦/玉米生长和产量及土壤水氮分布的影响。结果表明:相同灌水条件下,施肥部位对垄沟套作水分分布影响不显著,但土壤硝态氮的分布差异较大;垄顶施肥和垄底施肥处理下,由于水肥异区,其垄上小麦生长带的硝态氮主要分布在0~30 cm土层,有效地减少了硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶,而后期沟内玉米生长带的水氮处理相同,因此其硝态氮分布差异较小;在相同灌水条件下,垄沟套作可以有效降低水分流失,减少氮肥损失,因此较传统平作更有利于作物生长,提高小麦、玉米的产量,且以垄顶施肥和垄底施肥效果最显著,小麦产量较平作分别增加11.47%、10.81%,玉米产量较平作分别增加18.87%、22.70%。     

缓释肥施用量对超高产夏玉米氮素积累分配的影响

明确缓释肥施用量对超高产夏玉米氮素积累和分配的影响及其对产量形成的作用。以‘苏玉29’‘、苏玉30’为材料,采用裂区设计,设置7个缓释肥水平（N0、270、315、360、405、450、495kg/hm²）,研究夏玉米氮素积累和分配在不同处理下的变化趋势。结果表明：随着缓释肥施用量增加,两品种（‘苏玉29’、‘苏玉30’）氮素积累量与氮素利用效率均呈单峰变化趋势,在N405kg/hm²水平下达最大值,且‘苏玉29’氮素利用率显著高于‘苏玉30’。百千克籽粒需氮量随缓释肥施用量增加先升后降,在N405kg/hm²水平下达最大值,而每千克氮生产籽粒量的变化规律相反。随着施氮水平提升,玉米偏生产力降低。最高产处理下,茎、叶、鞘氮素转移率和对籽粒产量的贡献率显著高于其他处理。回归分析表明,成熟期叶片中氮素分配比例较高有利于‘苏玉29’高产,苞叶和穗轴中氮素分配比例较高有利于‘苏玉30’高产。在本实验条件下,两品种在N405kg/hm²时产量最高,氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和百千克籽粒需氮量最高,茎、叶、鞘的氮素转移率及其对产量的贡献率较高。     

添加硝酸钙对池塘沉积物中理化因子的影响研究

为减少池塘底泥对养殖水环境的影响,以硝酸钙和养殖池塘底泥沉积物为研究对象,采用模拟试验方法,探讨了添加硝酸钙对池塘沉积物理化因子的影响。结果表明：添加硝酸钙后,表层沉积物间隙水中NH₄⁺-N浓度持续降低,最终降至初始值的14.78%;同时可以显著降低表层和深层沉积物间隙水中的PO₄^3--P的浓度,在表层降低的幅度较大,第7~28天可降低超过85%的PO₄^3--P。试验结果表明,添加硝酸钙可以显著改善池塘底泥沉积物中NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P的含量,研究结果对减少池塘底泥沉积物的修复具有积极的生态学意义。