Linking habitat selection, emigration and population dynamics of freshwater fishes: a synthesis of ideas and approaches

Abstract –  The consequences of individual behaviour to dynamics of populations has been a critical question in fish ecology, but linking the two has proven difficult. A modification of Sale's habitat selection model provides a conceptual linkage for relating resource availability and individual habitat selection to exploratory behaviour, emigration and population-level responses. Whole-population experiments with pupfish Cyprinodon macularius that linked all factors along this resource to population continuum lend support to this conceptual model, and illustrate that emigration may be much more common in fish populations than considered in most individual- or population-based models. Accommodating emigration can enhance the ecological appropriateness of behavioural experiments and increase confidence in extrapolation of experimental observations to population-level effects. New experimental designs and advancing technologies offer avenues for assessing population consequences of habitat selection and emigration by individual fish. Emigration often is the key linkage between individual behaviour and population responses, and greater understanding of the underlying factors affecting this often-overlooked demographic parameter could offer new approaches for management and conservation of fishes.     

阿拉善荒漠区蒙古扁桃的种群龄级结构与空间分布格局

根据样地调查数据,编制了阿拉善荒漠区敖隆敖包及乌兰腺吉蒙古扁桃种群静态生命表,并由此求得蒙古扁桃种群大小级结构图、存活曲线及死亡率曲线,从而对两地蒙古扁桃种群空间分布格局进行了比较研究。结果表明,两地蒙古扁桃种群幼龄和老龄级个体较少,中龄级个体较多。总体上,敖隆敖包蒙古扁桃种群年龄结构呈稳定型,而乌兰腺吉种群趋向衰退型。两地存活曲线处于DeeveyⅡ和DeeveyⅡ2。两地种群空间分布格局均呈聚集型分布。分析表明,草畜平衡在蒙古扁桃种群稳定型中发挥着重要作用。     

农牧交错带适度人口规模与人口再分布初步研究——以阴山北部丘陵区武川县为例

农牧交错带即是国家一直重视的区域也是众多专家学者高度关注的区域,作为一个生态脆弱区,人口、环境与社会经济的协调发展一直是寻根问底的问题。在众多的研究成果中多从生态环境优化、土地利用、经济发展等角度进行了探讨。本文在众多学者研究基础上,测算了土地适度人口规模、经济适度人口规模,并进一步测算了武川县乡城人口转化的进程与规模,从理论与现实角度展示了控制人口,加快转化的必要性。     

抗吡虫啉褐飞虱种群对黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应的影响

[目的]了解褐飞虱对吡虫啉产生抗性后对黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应的影响,以便更好地协调生物防治与化学防治的关系.[方法]用抗、感吡虫啉褐飞虱种群分别饲养黑肩绿盲蝽1代,测定F2代黑肩绿盲蝽RNC和SNC种群各龄若虫和成虫对褐飞虱卵的功能反应.[结果]黑肩绿盲蝽RNC和SNC种群各龄若虫和成虫的功能反应均能用HollingⅡ圆盘方程进行拟合,同一个种群的捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,两个种群的1~3龄若虫和雌成虫对褐飞虱卵的捕食能力、各龄期的日最大捕食量、对猎物的处理时间均差异不显著,但黑肩绿盲蝽RNC种群的4和5龄若虫对褐飞虱卵的瞬间攻击率α分别为1.2946和1.0968,显著低于SNC种群的1.9597和1.5657.[结论]用抗吡虫啉褐飞虱种群饲养黑肩绿盲蝽1代后,黑肩绿盲蝽的功能反应发生变化,其捕食功能有所下降.     

思茅松天然种群及其种子园的遗传多样性

采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳技术对思茅松 3个天然种群和思茅松种子园的遗传多样性状况进行了研究。 9种同工酶系统 16个基因位点的分析结果表明 :思茅松天然种群具有较高的遗传多样性 ,多态位点比率P =70 1% ,等位基因平均数A =2 2 7,平均预期杂合度He=0 2 91;群体间的遗传分化程度较低 ,基因分化系数GST=0 0 5 2。思茅松种子园的遗传多样性较天然种群丰富 ,以上各遗传参数值依次为P =73 5 % ,A =2 4 2 ,He =0 2 95 ,种子园营建是林木遗传改良的一种有效途径     

氮肥运筹对小麦群体变化、穗粒数分布及产量的影响

为小麦持续增产提供重要技术途径,对氮肥不同施用量和不同底追比例进行研究,选用‘周麦18’作为试验材料,研究了氮肥运筹技术对小麦群体动态变化、穗粒数分布及产量的影响。结果表明：“前轻中重后补充”的氮肥运筹技术降低了小麦生育期的最高群体,小麦分蘖成穗率较传统施肥处理提高了3.1个百分点,同时增加了穗粒重、提高了千粒重,单穗重显著提高了0.2 g;在每公顷施纯氮240 kg和180 kg条件下,运用“前轻中重后补充”氮肥运筹技术较传统施肥处理（全底）增产694.5 kg/hm2、486.0 kg/hm2,增幅分别为10.1%和7.2%。结果说明“前轻中重后补充”的氮肥应用策略是一项高产高效的氮肥运筹技术。     

Simulation of Potential Production and Optimum Population Quantitative Indices for the Second Hybrid Rice

The article established the HDRICE model by modifying the structure of the ORYZA1 model and revising its parameters by field experiments. The HDRICE model consists of the modules of morphological development of rice, daily dry matter accumulation and partitioning, daily CO₂ assimilation of the canopy, leaf area, and tiller development. The model preferably simulated the dynamic rice development because of the thorough integration of the effects of temperature and light on the rates of rice development, photosynthesis, respiration, and other ecophysiological processes. In addition, this model has attainable grain yield in the test experiment that showed the potential yield of cultivar Xieyou 46 ranged from 11 to 13 tons ha⁻¹. Besides, the model was used to optimize the combinations of the transplanting date, seedling age and density for cultivar Xieyou 46 at Jinhua area, and the population quantitative indices to attain the potential yield such as maximum stems, effective panicles, filled grain number/leaf area, and so on. The result showed that the combination of transplanting date on July 25, seedling age of 35 days and base seedling density of 1.33×10⁶ha⁻¹ is the optimum combination for the second hybrid rice production in Jinhua County, China. And the maximum stems, the effective panicles, the filled grain per panicle, the peak of optimum LAI, LAI in later filling stage, and the filled grain number/leaf were 6.03×10⁶ha, 3.99×10⁶ha, 119.2, 8.59, 5–6, and 0.64, respectively.     

机械插秧密度和氮肥运筹对两优1528群体动态和产量的影响

研究了机插条件下不同的栽植密度、氮肥使用量和氮肥中基、蘖、穗肥不同的用量比例对两系杂交水稻两优1528群体动态、产量构成以及生育进程.结果表明,两优1528分别在机插密度为24.0万穴/hm2、氮肥用量247.5 kg/hm2以及基、蘖、穗肥比例为5:3:2时产量最高.栽植密度过大,无效分蘖增多,每穗总粒数减少,密度过小则群体总量较小,有效穗不足;氮肥用量达247.5 kg/hm2时虽然产量最高,但氮肥偏生产力(PPN)较低,而氮肥用量202.5 kg/hm2可获得较高的产量和氮肥偏生产力.     

棘孢木霉菌肥对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果及对连作黄瓜根际土壤微生物种群的影响

为明确棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum菌肥在防治黄瓜枯萎病的同时对连作黄瓜根际土壤微生物种群的影响,采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)分析方法分别测定了棘孢木霉菌肥对连作4年的黄瓜根际棘孢木霉菌和尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum DNA拷贝数变化和黄瓜根际微生物种群的影响。结果表明:棘孢木霉菌肥对黄瓜幼苗期和速长期黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果分别为70.24%和76.81%,均与药剂对照的防效差异不显著。棘孢木霉菌的DNA拷贝数出现2个高峰期,即黄瓜苗期和盛果期,其DNA拷贝数分别为235 000.00 ng/μL和80 500.00 ng/μL。黄瓜速长期、盛果期、生长末期的尖孢镰孢菌DNA拷贝数分别为15.41、54.87和18.36 ng/μL,且显著低于同一时期药剂对照和清水对照。黄瓜幼苗期、速长期、开花期和盛果期根际土壤微生物丰度分别为2.24、1.98、2.52和2.12,均高于药剂对照。由此可见,棘孢木霉菌肥在防治黄瓜枯萎病的同时,还可以改善黄瓜连作土壤微生物种群结构。     

影响禾谷缢管蚜自然种群变动的关键因素研究

试验表明 ,影响禾谷缢管蚜自然种群变动的主要因素是气候和天敌。低龄若蚜主要受风雨的影响 ,高龄若蚜和成蚜主要受天敌和风雨共同作用。天敌主要为七星瓢虫和食蚜蝇。禾谷缢管蚜是典型的γ对策昆虫 ,具有较高的内禀增殖率 ,又具有较高的死亡率。种群的变动受自身密度的影响 ,γ值的大小可以说明自然种群变化的趋势