The Standardization of an Apparatus for the Mixing of Soil Samples for Nematode Extractions

Quantitative determination of nematode populations in soils frequently necessitates the mixing of representative soil samples to form a homogeneous, compound sample from which the nematodes are extracted. A mixing apparatus was developed and standardized with the aid of a spectrophotometric technique by which the dispersion of a dye through the soil during mixing could be determined. It was found that the mixer is most suitable for use on sandy loam soils. Optimal mixing is obtained at a speed of 15 rpm for 2 minutes. Under these conditions mechanical damage to nematodes during mixing is minimal.     

外界生物因素对朱哀皿鸟种群数量的影响

朱哀皿鸟是世界上最为稀少的一个禽类物种,为留鸟,为中国Ⅰ级保护动物,已被列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录。天敌、生存环境、疾病及人类活动等因素严重影响其生存和种群数量。本文通过对上述外界因素的分析,提出应保护和恢复朱哀皿鸟栖息地,加强朱哀皿鸟疾病研究,扩大人工种群规模,逐步野放更多的人工孵化鸟,补充野外种群并扩展新的保护区。     

不同粒度猫尾草对羔羊体外发酵特性和微生物数量的影响

通过Rusitec-s体外发酵系统研究不同粒度猫尾草对羔羊体外发酵参数与微生物数量的影响,选取6种不同粒度(1.00、2.36、3.35、4.75、8.00和12.50 mm)的猫尾草作为试验饲粮的纤维来源,按照猫尾草的粒度将试验分为6个处理组,每个处理4个重复,利用Rusitec-s型人工瘤胃模拟装置进行48 h体外发酵,测定养分降解率、发酵参数及发酵液中6种微生物菌群的拷贝数。结果表明：与其他处理组相比,2.36 mm组显著提高了体外中性洗涤纤维降解率(IVNDFD)、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸摩尔比和溶纤维丁酸弧菌(B. f)数量(P<0.05),且显著降低总产甲烷菌(TMe)数量(P<0.05)。总菌(TB)与氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、乙酸摩尔比呈正相关(R²=0.84,P=0.038;R²=0.88,P=0.021);B. f数量与丙酸摩尔比呈正相关(R²=0.82,P=0.045),且与pH呈负相关(R²=-0.98,P=0.001);TMe数量与体外粗蛋白质降解率(IVCP...     

Effects of Alternative Molting Programs and Population on Layer Performance: Results of the Thirty-Fifth North Carolina Layer Performance and Management Test

A study involving 7 white-egg and 3 brown-egg commercial layer strains was conducted at the North Carolina Piedmont Research Station to assess the effects cage population 3-bird vs. 4-bird cages and alternative molt programs on performance through 113 wk of age (791 d). The flock was divided into 3 groups; not molted (NM), maintained in continuous production; molted using feed restriction (FR), an industry-type 14-d feed withdrawal molting program initiated at 463 d of age; and molted using a nonfasted/anorexic program (NF), in which an ad libitum supply of a low protein, low energy molt feed was provided. Productivity, egg size, and egg quality were monitored at 28-d periods throughout the test providing the performance data for the white-egg and brown-egg strains with regard to these management factors. Detailed results by strain are available on the following Web site: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/tech_info.html#layer. The performance for the 3-bird or 4-bird cage groups for either type of layer was similar, except that birds in 4-bird cages had higher feed consumption in the first production phase than did the birds in 3-bird cages. In the same time period the white-egg birds in the 3-bird cages had a greater percentage of cracked eggs and a smaller percentage of Grade A large eggs than those in 4-bird cages. No differences were observed in egg income for the 2 population sizes for either type of layer. However, due to their higher feed consumption, the white egg birds in the 4-bird cages had higher feed cost per hen for the first cycle, which was offset by the egg income component due to their increased production rate. The molted layers outperformed the nonmolted layers for both types of layers in terms of overall income over feed costs. The FR molted hens, under a program that has traditionally been used by commercial producers, outperformed NF-molted hens, indicating that further refinements are needed to make the NF program economically competitive with the FR molting program.     

结缕草耐盐分离群体的构建

为进一步研究结缕草属(Zoysia Willd.)植物的耐盐性遗传机制,通过结缕草耐盐亲本Z105(Z.japonica)和敏盐亲本Z061(Z.japonica)进行人工杂交,以构建结缕草的耐盐分离群体.首先通过SRAP(Sequence-relatedamplified polymorphism)分子标记技术对所获得的F1群体杂种真实性进行鉴定,在此基础上,通过水培法对F1群体的耐盐性进行鉴定.结果表明:F1群体164个后代中132个后代为真杂种,这些后代的耐盐性表现出连续性的遗传变异,存在明显的分离现象,成功地构建了结缕草的耐盐性分离群体.这为结缕草耐盐性的遗传分析、遗传图谱的构建和耐盐     

燕麦与箭薚豌豆不同混作模式对根际土壤微生物数量的影响

 本试验以燕麦与箭薚豌豆不同种植模式的根际土壤为对象,对其土壤微生物数量进行了初步研究。结果表明,根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在燕麦拔节孕穗期较低,开花期较高,随着生育进程的推进至成熟收获期数量呈逐渐减少的趋势。在不同生育期,间混作处理比单作燕麦显著提高了根际土壤细菌数量（P＜０．０５）。收获期土壤微生物以细菌占绝大多数,其中间作混播根际土壤细菌数量是单作燕麦的１．１倍左右,单作箭薚碗豆是单作燕麦根际土壤细菌数量的１．３倍;土壤微生物总数量以燕麦与箭薚豌豆间作（１∶２）和燕麦与箭薚豌豆混播（１∶２）处理较高,单作燕麦最少。说明间作混播种植方式能起到提高根际土壤微生物数量的作用。     

在放牧干扰下冷蒿种群脯氨酸含量的变化

对放牧干扰下土壤含水量、冷蒿体内含水量、脯氨酸含量变化进行的研究结果表明随着放牧强度的增加土壤含水量降低,冷蒿叶片、根中含水量呈下降趋势。在生长初期,随着放牧强度的增加冷蒿叶片内脯氨酸含量迅速积累;生长盛期脯氨酸含量虽随牧压有所增加,但增加的幅度较小;生长末期脯氨酸含量较高,而且随着牧压的增加略有下降。地下部分,脯氨酸含量在牧压梯度间变化较小。相关分析表明,在生长初期和盛期,冷蒿叶片、根的含水量与土壤含水量呈正相关,生长末期不相关。冷蒿脯氨酸含量与植物的含水量呈负相关,在生长初期和末期呈显著负相关,而生长盛期相关不显著;与此不同,在生长初期冷蒿体内脯氨酸含量与土壤含水量呈负相关,在生长末期二者负相关性不显著,这说明随着放牧干扰强度的增加土壤含水量降低,导致冷蒿体内水分胁迫增加,致使脯氨酸开始逐渐积累。而生长末期的降温和群落中植物种间竞争减少,使脯氨酸的积累速度也相应放慢。在放牧干扰下,脯氨酸大量积累,对冷蒿的生存和生长起到了重要的作用,是冷蒿种群耐啃食、耐践踏、逐渐取代禾本科植物而成为退化草原的优势植物的生理基础之一。     

被动式电子标签在监测高原鼢鼠种群生态变化中的应用

地下啮齿动物种群生态学研究经常需要对动物个体进行标记,而传统的剪耳、剪趾标记法会造成动物伤害、影响动物行为等,与动物福利相悖。利用PIT标签于2014年秋季在祁连山东段标记高原鼢鼠30只,研究高原鼢鼠种群密度及越冬后体重、体长和尾长变化。结果表明,样地内高原鼢鼠估算种群密度为44只/hm2;越冬后高原鼢鼠平均体重为222.07g,显著高于越冬前平均体重193.74g,平均体长为19.4cm,显著高于越冬前平均体长18cm;雌性与雄性的体重增长率无显著性差异(P0.05)。被动式电子标签同时可适用于地下啮齿动物的种群生态学研究,是地下啮齿动物种群生态学研究中的一项新型技术手段。     

应用计算机和气象资料预测粗纹食道口线虫（Oesophagostomum asperum）数量季节消长的研究

根据土源性寄生线虫体外发育期间受温度、湿度、季节和宿主动物影响的原理，采用电子计算机对上述四因子和食道口线虫从卵发育到侵袭性幼虫速度、数量进行回归分析，制定出模拟模型，设计出了在牧地上该种线虫从卵发育到侵袭性幼虫数量预测预报公式，用该公式和气象资料计算出的侵袭性幼虫季节消长曲线，与牧地上宿主羊体内成虫数量消长曲线相一致，初步显示可以采用气象资料和计算机预测牧地上粗纹食道口线虫侵袭性幼虫量的季节动态，从而为防治措施的制定提供依据。     

松嫩平原碱化草甸獐毛种群有性生殖的数量特征及营养繁殖特性的研究

通过对单优群落随机取样的调查与测定，分析了松嫩平原碱化草甸漳毛种群有性生殖的数量特征及营养繁殖特性。樟毛种群以营养生长和营养繁殖为主，成穗率仅为１５．７％，结实率为４１．６％。獐毛的匍匐茎在整个生长季均不断地增节伸长。至生长季末期，大多数匍匐茎可产生２０～２２个节，总长度可达２６９．５～３０４．５ｃｍ，节上可共产生８５．５～ｌ１１．４个营养繁殖株。不同月份的匍匐茎，其营养繁殖具有相同的规律性。匍匐茎的营养繁殖株在翌春存活与繁殖的数量最少者为１０株，多者达１３１株，基部１～２节无存活，３～１９节可形成１～２３株的营养繁殖株丛，最远存活的节营养繁殖株距母株２９４ｍ。