ASVCP guidelines: quality assurance for point‐of‐care testing in veterinary medicine

Point‐of‐care testing (POCT) refers to any laboratory testing performed outside the conventional reference laboratory and implies close proximity to patients. Instrumental POCT systems consist of small, handheld or benchtop analyzers. These have potential utility in many veterinary settings, including private clinics, academic veterinary medical centers, the community (eg, remote area veterinary medical teams), and for research applications in academia, government, and industry. Concern about the quality of veterinary in‐clinic testing has been expressed in published veterinary literature; however, little guidance focusing on POCT is available. Recognizing this void, the ASVCP formed a subcommittee in 2009 charged with developing quality assurance (QA) guidelines for veterinary POCT. Guidelines were developed through literature review and a consensus process. Major recommendations include (1) taking a formalized approach to POCT within the facility, (2) use of written policies, standard operating procedures, forms, and logs, (3) operator training, including periodic assessment of skills, (4) assessment of instrument analytical performance and use of both statistical quality control and external quality assessment programs, (5) use of properly established or validated reference intervals, (6) and ensuring accurate patient results reporting. Where possible, given instrument analytical performance, use of a validated 1_3s control rule for interpretation of control data is recommended. These guidelines are aimed at veterinarians and veterinary technicians seeking to improve management of POCT in their clinical or research setting, and address QA of small chemistry and hematology instruments. These guidelines are not intended to be all‐inclusive; rather, they provide a minimum standard for maintenance of POCT instruments in the veterinary setting.     

江西烤烟淀粉近红外检测模型的建立

【目的】传统的碘显色法检测淀粉含量需要复杂耗时的前处理和实验准备,近红外检测手段不仅 操作简单、检测快速,且不损耗试剂、样品、标准品,大大降低了检测成本,旨在以江西烤烟样品为依托,建 立一种适用于江西烤烟的淀粉近红外检测模型。【方法】收集了来自江西 21 个区县共 650 个烤烟样品的近红外 光谱和对应的连续流动分析仪检测数据（碘显色法）,将光谱数据和化学分析数据一一对应,使用不同的回归 方法和数据处理方法进行建模,通过比较它们的均方根误差和相关系数确定最佳的模型参数。【结果】建立了 适用于江西烤烟的淀粉含量预报模型,校正均方根误差和预测均方根误差分别达到 0.407、0.490,相关系数为 96.52%,并用外部样品对模型进行了验证,95% 的样品误差在 10% 以内。【结论】该模型可用于快速检测江西 烤烟样品中的淀粉含量,并可在一定程度上取代传统的碘显色测淀粉法,降低了检测成本,提高了分析效率。     

颗粒饲料淀粉糊化度的快速检测方法

淀粉糊化度是评价颗粒饲料加工质量的重要指标,直接影响畜禽吸收利用饲料中能量物质的效率,进而影响饲料的转化效率和畜禽生长状态。该文建立了颗粒饲料淀粉糊化度的两种快速检测方法,其中近红外光谱分析方法(NIRS)检测淀粉糊化度的定标和验证模型的决定系数(R2)分别为0.8759和0.9608;而快速黏度分析法(RVA)预测淀粉糊化度的定标和验证模型的决定系数分别为0.8025和0.8746。试验结果表明近红外光谱分析技术和快速黏度分析法均可快速且较准确地预测颗粒饲料的淀粉糊化度,在一定程度上能较好地满足实时监测饲料加工过程淀粉糊化程度、实现颗粒饲料精细加工的需要。     

甜菜种子活力的测定——基于近红外高光谱技术

为保证田间甜菜种子的出苗率和生产潜力,需要在种植前对种子进行活力检测,挑选出活力高的甜菜种子进行推广种植。利用高温处理法对甜菜种子进行老化处理,再基于标准正态变换(SNV)、去趋势校正(DET)、Savitzky-Golay平滑处理(SG)、一阶差分(1D)和二阶差分(2D)5种近红外高光谱预处理方法,构建种子活力智能检测模型得出预测的种子发芽率,再利用老化处理后的甜菜种子进行发芽实验得出实际的发芽率。研究发现,甜菜种子经过一阶差分预处理建立的智能检测模型预测性能最好,其预测准确率达到91.92%。将未处理的甜菜种子的实际发芽率与一阶差分预处理法建立的智能模型预测结果进行对比,发现模型的预测准确率为88.2%。近红外高光谱技术是一种快速、无损的作物种子活力测定的新方法。     

Growing Degree Day: Noninvasive Remotely Sensed Method to Monitor Diet Crude Protein in Free-Ranging Cattle

The daily nutritional balance of free-ranging cattle is the net result of intake from available forage biomass and nutritive value weighed against the nutritional requirements of the animal. Plant phenology influences nutritive value. Plant phenology is dictated by time of year and an accumulation of photosynthetically active days. Growing degree day (GDD) is a concept that quantifies this relationship and has been used to predict nutritive value in perennial range grasses. GDD could be substituted for chemical analysis to inform grazing animal nutritional monitoring efforts. We hypothesized that in C4 grass-dominated rangelands, a cumulative GDD calculation would correlate with diet crude protein (CP) predictions obtained by fecal near infrared spectroscopy (FNIRS) from free-ranging cattle. Therefore, the objectives of our research were to evaluate the effectiveness of GDD to predict FNIRS-derived determinations of grazing cattle diet CP in 1) two groups of three individual animals grazing a small native pasture and 2) large commercial-scale herds grazing expansive rangelands. For the first objective, cumulative GDD and FNIRS-predicted diet CP were strongly correlated (r² = 0.76; P < 0.01). Relationships between cumulative GDD and FNIRS-predicted diet CP for the second objective varied considerably among ranches, ranging from a low r² of 0.05 (P = 0.871) to a high r² of 0.78 (P < 0.049). Similar values for individual ranch/year combinations were stronger; ranging from a minimum r² of 0.44 (P = 0.556) to a maximum of 0.95 (P = 0.051). The aggregate relationship between GDD and FNIRS-predicted CP for all ranch/year combinations was highly significant (r² = 0.37; P < 0.001), but the standard error was 1.86% CP. The noninvasive remotely sensed grazing animal nutritional monitoring method described here was accurate enough to inform tactical rangeland diet quality assessments but was not accurate enough to inform operational-scale grazing management decisions.     

Sentinel lymph node mapping by near‐infrared fluorescence imaging and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound in healthy dogs

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping is a valuable and crucial diagnostic procedure in staging malignancies. We compared two non‐invasive techniques, near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), to identify the SLNs in three superficial anatomical regions in an animal model. Six healthy laboratory dogs were included in a proof‐of‐concept trial. A NIR fluorescent dye (Indocyanine Green) and microbubbles (Sonovue) were consecutively injected subdermally in the Inguinal, axillary and popliteal region to map the SLNs. Transcutaneous NIR fluorescence imaging identified SLNs in 17 out of a total of 18 occasions. CEUS identified SLNs in all regions (18/18). Whereas NIR fluorescence imaging performed better in the visualization of the afferent lymphatic tract, CEUS demonstrated different filling patterns of the SLNs, a feature potentially critical for the concept of SLN mapping in cancer patients. Both NIR fluorescence imaging and CEUS are safe, non‐invasive, practical and accurate methods to perform real‐time transcutaneous SLN mapping with potential in a clinical setting.     

Elastic_Brittle Fracture Analysis of Micro_Crackin Concrete Loaded by Stretching Stresses

The concrete is a typical brittle material.The fracture and propagating failure of the micro-crack in loaded concrete are very important problem in civil engineering.In this paper,from the equilibrium differential equations and failure criterion,the elastic-brittle static fracture analysis of the plane stress micro-crack in concrete loaded by stretching stresses was done near crack line.The relations between the stretching stresses and the length of brittle fracture zone on the crack line were obtained.     

近红外光谱技术快速测定豆粕、玉米真可消化氨基酸含量的研究

本试验应用近红外光谱技术（ＮＩＲＳ）预测了豆粕、玉米中的真可消化氨基酸含量。氨基酸消化率用去盲肠公鸡作试验动物,用修正的Ｓｉｂｂａｌｄ强饲法进行测定。定标的结果表明,豆粕中除与胱氨酸有关的几个方程外,其它氨基酸的定标经检验证明具有良好的预测性能。玉米真可消化氨基酸的定标性能不如豆粕好,目前还不能进行实际的应用,但大部分氨基酸定标方程的相关系数经Ｆ检验达到极显著水平,说明用ＮＩＲＳ预测玉米真可消化氨基酸是可行的。近红外光谱技术提供了一种可用于日常测定鸡真可消化氨基酸的即时分析方法,它能够替代查书面值以及使用耗时而昂贵的体内法测定真可消化氨基酸含量。营养学家可根据真可消化氨基酸数据进行饲料配方,起到准确、及时、低投入、高产出、低污染、高效利用饲料资源的作用。     

用近红外反射光谱技术测定精米粉样品表观直链淀粉含量的研究

 以约3 g精米粉为测试样品,研究了用近红外反射光谱（NIRS）技术测定稻米表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）的效果及影响校正的一些因素。对3种不同回归统计分析方法校正效果的差异比较表明,用修正的部分最小平方法（MPLS）、部分最小平方法（PLS）和主成分回归法（PCR）进行AAC校正时,校正标准误（SEC）、交叉检验标准误（SECV）和检验工作标准误［SEP（C）］均呈上升趋势,分别为0.83、1.75和1.09 (MPLS);1.73、1.98和1.74 (PLS)以及2.29、2.56和1.72 (PCR);相反,校正决定系数[WTBX]R[WTBZ]2和检验决定系数RSQ呈下降趋势,分别为0.983和0.91 (MLPS);0.927和0.84 (PLS)以及0.870和0.84 (PCR)。由此可见,用MPLS技术建立AAC回归方程效果最佳。而从两种校正群体选定方法对校正效果的结果看,用软件程序SELECT根据样品光谱特征选定的校正群体和用AAC测定值按比例选定的校正群体,在建立AAC回归方程时,前者的SEC、SECV和SEP（C）均比后者要小,而[WTBX]R[WTBZ]2和RSQ相仿,表明根据光谱特征选定校正群体效果略好。