EXTERNALITIES,INSTITUTIONS AND THE LOCATION CHOICES OF SHELLFISH PRODUCERS: THE CASE OF BLUE MUSSEL FARMING IN THE MONT-SAINT-MICHEL BAY (FRANCE)

ABSTRACT

Most marine aquaculture activities remain strongly dependent on coastal ecosystems. In the case of shellfish farming, this dependency is related mainly to water quality and to the various ecological interactions resulting from the dynamics of coastal food webs. Such ecological constraints have influenced the overall evolution of blue mussel farming in the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay, leading producers to negotiate collective arrangements regarding production capacity and techniques and to develop production strategies at the farm level. This article presents an analysis of the location choices of mussel farmers in the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay based on an empirical investigation conducted in 2002. A typology of farms with respect to their land structure is developed in which some farms choose to concentrate their activity in a single part of the bay while others distribute their activity more widely. Determinants of the location choices of each farm category, including distance to port, natural productivity differentials, and predation of mussel stocks, are analyzed. The role of the institutional arrangements allowing mussel farmers to develop these location strategies is also discussed.     

虹鳟鱼的养殖技术特点和前景展望

本文阐述了养鳟业的经济意义和价值,并从养鳟用水和生产方式、苗种生产、食用鱼养成、养鳟饲料、海水养鳟,疾病防治等方面总结了养鳟基本技术,同时对我国养鳟历史作了回顾,提出了我国养鳟业的发展前景。     

海南西岛九孔鲍养殖水体中细菌胞外产物的分析

2004年11月,自海南西岛的鲍养殖水体中分离出90株菌株。TCBS和2116E培养基分别分离40株(弧菌)和50株(异养菌)。比较了不同分离方法所得到的2批菌株分泌胞外产物的能力。试验结果表明,鲍苗掉板死亡期间,养殖水体中TCBS培养基分离的菌株能分泌脂肪酶、淀粉酶、磷脂酶和明胶酶的比例总体上高于2116E培养基分离的菌株,2116E培养基分离的菌株中能分泌溶血素的比例要略高于TCBS培养基分离的菌株。总体上,后者具有较强分泌胞外产物的能力。因此,这部分具有较强分泌胞外产物能力的菌株应视为鲍苗的潜在致病菌。此外,在对鲍的细菌性病害研究中,除了具有较强分泌胞外产物的菌株外,养殖环境中的菌群结构也是不可忽视的因素。     

农业综合开发支持西部山区发展现代农业的调查与思考

党的十七届三中全会提出,发展现代农业,必须按照高产、优质、高效、生态、安全的要求,加快转变农业发展方式,推进农业科技进步和创新,加强农业物质技术装备,健全农业产业体系．提高土地产出率、资源利用率、劳动生产率,增强农业抗风险能力、国际竞争能力、可持续发展能力。因此,当前和今后一个时期建设现代农业已成为全党和全民的共识,在西部山区县如何构建起适应现代农业发展需要的农业综合开发运作模式．对促进西部山区县的现代农业发展尤为重要。     

加快松溪县农业产业化发展的思考

基于目前中国农业经营模式的基础上,分析了松溪县农业产业化的现状．对该县农业产业化发展的优势与劣势进行了探讨,并针对松溪县的农业产业化发展困境,提出了促进该县农业产业化快速发展的战略措施。     

干旱地区土壤保墒增墒的有效措施

旱灾是制约辽西地区农业发展的重要因素。针对辽西干旱地区农业生产实际,介绍深松和坐水播种技术及其作用,并通过应用试验以验证其对土壤的保墒增墒效果。试验结果表明,在干旱条件下采用这两种技术可有效改善土壤情况,为种子发芽出苗创造适宜的环境条件。     

Effect of eye fluke infection on the growth of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) —An experimental approach

Effect of the eye fluke Diplostomum spathaceum on fish growth has remained somewhat unclear because 1) the question has not been subjected to experimental examination with treatment-control setup and 2) growth has not been related to the coverage of parasite-induced cataracts in a quantitative manner. We examined effects of the parasite on growth and competitive ability of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in experimental conditions resembling those at fish farms by maintaining groups of exposed and control fish, as well as mixed groups from both treatments, under optimal conditions for 8 weeks. Contrary to our expectations, we did not observe differences in fish growth between the treatments. However, at the level of individual fish, parasite-induced cataracts had a negative effect on weight of the exposed fish but this took place only when the cataract coverage reached 100% in both eyes. No effect of the infection on competitive ability of fish was observed in mixed treatments which may be related to patterns of food distribution in the tanks or cues received by the fish from less infected conspecifics. Overall, the results suggest that effects of D. spathaceum on fish growth become apparent only in cases of very high cataract coverage, and that feeding regimes and the shape of the cataract coverage distribution in a fish group are important determinants of the magnitude of these effects.     

河南西峡黑烟镇自然保护区药用植物氯、硫、氟元素的含量分布规律研究

通过对西峡黑烟镇自然保护区24种中药材叶片中氯、硫、氟元素含量进行测定,结果发现,药用植物体内3种化学元素成分随植物器官的不同和同一器官的发育期不同而呈现出差异,其氯、硫、氟元素的分布为叶茎根果实(种子),同时还与植物的生活型有关,表现出草本植物乔木植物的规律性。根据研究结果,筛选出一批大气污染的净化植物和抗性植物。     

旱作春小麦籽粒形成与灌浆特性

为了给旱地春小麦高产栽培提供依据,对内蒙古赤峰林东旱作地区春小麦籽粒建成及灌浆特性进行了观察和分析。结果表明,籽粒体积和含水量呈单峰曲线变化,籽粒干物质积累量符合“S”型曲线变化。开花后13-27d是小麦籽粒灌浆直线增长阶段,籽粒含水量相对平稳,籽粒重量直线增长,此期干物质积累量的占粒重的78%,为小麦产量形成的关键时期;不同农艺栽培措施对籽粒形成具有显著影响,只有密度适宜,氯、磷、钾三要素适量配施,才能提高灌浆强度,促进籽粒体积增大,增加粒重,获得高产。     

规模化稻鸭生产对早稻病虫害变化规律及经济效益的影响

通过大田试验研究了规模稻鸭生态种养系统中水稻病虫害的消长变化规律及其经济效益。结果表明：规模稻鸭生态种养（IF）水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和稻叶蝉平均虫量较水稻单一种植（CK）分别下降54．4％,48．8％,73．6％和96．1％,纹枯病和稻瘟病病株率分别降低78．9％和48．5％;较常规稻鸭生态种养（CF）水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱和稻叶蝉量分别下降18．2％,9．5％,7．0％和0．82％,纹枯病病株率降低35．5％,稻瘟病病株率升高8．0％。规模稻鸭生态种养稻飞虱和二化螟对水稻危害株率比常规稻鸭生态种养分别降低52．9％和6．9％。试验还表明,规模稻鸭生态种养系统中水稻二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱虫峰迟现,持续危害时间短;纹枯病蔓延危害期缩短10～14d;水稻有效穗数、穗粒数增多,千粒重增加,空壳率降低,产量最高。规模稻鸭生态种养较常规稻鸭生态种养和水稻单一种植分别增收1024．32,1370．61元／hm2,增幅44．47％和70．03％。因此,规模稻鸭生态种养可以实现对水稻病虫害的生态控制,且经济效益显著提高,对于提升我国现代农业生产实践具有重要意义。