规模化畜牧养殖对生态环境的破坏及防治

近年,畜牧养殖业蓬勃发展,过去的区域化散养已经基本不存在,养殖结构逐渐向集约化、一体化、规模化过渡,养殖规模也逐渐增大。养殖副产品肉、蛋、奶等极大满足了人们的生产生活,养殖中产生的尿液、粪污对生态环境造成极大影响。为促进规模化养殖实现绿色健康发展,该文分析规模化畜牧养殖对生态环境的破坏及防治措施。     

白绒山羊生态舍饲养殖模式浅见

研究了传统放牧饲养方式和简单圈养方式的利与弊,根据北方养殖现状,提出了高效生态养殖的思路和实施方法。     

An investigation into the transition from technological to ecological rice farming among resource poor farmers from the Philippine island of Bohol

A conceptual framework influenced bythe concept of moral ecology is developed andused to analyze the transition fromtechnological (green revolution) to ecological(organic) rice farming by resource poor farmersfrom the Philippine island of Bohol. This MoralEcology Framework (MEF) focuses on theepistemology of the two farming systems and howthis influences management principles andpractice. The orienting concepts of systemic understanding, exchange betweensociety and the environment, local versusextra-local exchange and scope areintegral to this analysis. The case studydemonstrates how the ostracism of nature underthe green revolution coupled with itsinflexible production options affected thesustainability of some local rice farmingsystems. Whereas the transition to organicfarming and the concomitant incorporation ofecological processes and more flexibleproduction options has allowed local farmers toenhance the sustainability of their farmingsystems by altering the exchange processeswithin the socio-ecological system.     

陇中旱作区马铃薯品种筛选试验初报

为筛选出适宜陇中旱作区种植的优质马铃薯品种,解决当地马铃薯生产中存在的品种老化、抗病性弱、产量低、品质差等问题。以当地主栽马铃薯品种陇薯6号为对照,对引进的7个马铃薯品种进行了品种筛选试验。结果表明,宁薯19号、 陇薯11号折合产量较高,分别为39 245、37 350 kg/hm2,分别较对照品种陇薯6号增产15.87%、10.27%。综合分析认为,宁薯19号、陇薯11号较对照品种陇薯6号增产幅度大,综合农艺性状好,可在陇中旱作区及类似生态区种植。     

中国原油污染区重金属空间分布模式及其潜在来源研究

Twenty-two soil samples were collected at the subregional scale （50 km2） around Gudao Town, a typical oil-producing region of the Shengli Oilfield in the Yellow River Delta, China to determine the spatial distribution patterns and potential sources of heavy metals in soils of crude oil-polluted regions. The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocaxbons （TPHs） and heavy metals as well as other soil properties were determined and the enrichment factor values were calculated for the heavy metals measured. Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis （CA） were used to estimate potential sources contributing to the concentrations of heavy metals in the soils. The results revealed that the soils were slightly alkaline （pH = 7.33-8.05） and high in salinity （1.43-41.30 g kg-1）, TPHs （0.51 28.40 g kg-1） and organic matter （1.74-31.50 g kg-1）. The mean concentrations of the measured heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and V were 18.4, 78.2, 20.8, 0.19, 56.6, 26.3 and 62.1 mg kg-1, respectively. Although the concentrations of all the metals measured in this study were not high enough to exceed the national control standards, there was a significant enrichment of Cd in the study area and Zn and Ni were in the category of deficiency to minimal enrichment. The spatial distribution patterns of Cu, Cr, Ni and V were similar and partially affected by oil exploitation and petroleum hydrocarbon spills. Potential sources of Cr, Ni, V and Cu in the soils were both natural sources and petroleum hydrocarbon spills, while Zn, Pb and Cd were probably from anthropogenic sources such as farming activities and traffic.     

旱作地区长期小麦连作和苜蓿连作土壤剖面的矿质氮研究

对不同施肥条件下23年小麦连作地和苜蓿连作地土壤矿质氮分布和累积进行研究,探讨种植浅根系和深根系植物对硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,不施肥(CK)和单施磷(P)肥,小麦和苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,0—60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量变化稳定并小于2 mg/kg。氮肥、磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮累积在20—100 cm和140—320 cm土层,年累积速率可达42.12 kg/(hm2.a);苜蓿连作土壤硝态氮主要集中在0—60 cm土层,仅在200—300 cm土层出现轻微累积,年累积速率仅为1.01 kg/(hm2.a)。在不施肥和单施磷肥下,种植小麦或苜蓿对土壤硝态氮残留量影响不显著,而氮、磷和有机肥配施时,小麦连作地土壤硝态氮残留量迅速增加,并与不施肥、单施磷肥处理有显著差异;苜蓿连作地土壤硝态氮残留量虽有少量增加,但与不施肥、单施磷肥处理无显著差异。不施肥、单施磷肥和氮、磷和有机肥配施,小麦连作、苜蓿连作地土壤剖面铵态氮含量主要在10—20 mg/kg之间波动,在土壤剖面无明显的累积现象,铵态氮残留量受施肥和作物种类的影响不显著。     

广西自然保护区周边社区发展限制性因素分析

通过对广西龙虎山和银殿山两个自然保护区周边社区居民随机抽样,针对11项限制社区发展因素进行了问卷调查,并采用SPSS相关性和两独立样本t检验分析,结果显示：社区居民自身条件欠缺、社区自然禀赋欠佳和社区与外界关系不顺制约了自然保护区周边社区发展;社区可利用资源、政府行为和保护区留给社区的生存空间等与居民对保护区的态度之间具有明显的相关性.提出通过有效劳务输出、发展地方农业经和减少社区居民对限制社区发展因素的负面感知可有效改善保护区周边民生问题.     

高原湿地纳帕海土壤持水力对不同放牧的响应

选择滇西北高原纳帕海湿地作为研究对象,对生物践踏型(牛、羊践踏)与生物扰动型(藏香猪翻拱)放牧作用下的湿地土壤持水力特征进行对比研究。结果表明:(1)不同放牧方式显著影响湿地土壤理化性质以及土壤持水力。牛羊践踏型放牧下的土壤有机质、总孔隙度、自然含水量以及最大持水量、有机质均显著(P0.05)高于扰动型放牧,而践踏型放牧下的土壤容重显著(P0.05)低于扰动型放牧;(2)不同研究区域,土壤持水力对放牧的响应不同。布伦放牧区土壤最大持水力在2种放牧方式下的差异不显著(P0.05),而哈木古和伊拉放牧区的土壤最大持水力在2种放牧方式下均有显著差异(P0.05);(3)不同季节,土壤持水力指标对放牧的响应程度亦不相同。在旱季,土壤持水力在2种放牧方式下的差异性较雨季更为显著(P0.01)。研究表明,湿地土壤水源涵养功能与放牧方式、放牧季节和放牧区域有关。基于湿地水源涵养功能的保护,应取缔土壤扰动型放牧,有效调控践踏型放牧的强度并减少旱季放牧。     

Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring

Cover crops grown in the period between two main crops have potential as an important component of a system‐oriented ecological weed management strategy. In late summer and autumn, the cover crop can suppress growth and seed production of weeds, whereas the incorporation of cover crop residues in spring may reduce or retard weed emergence. Based on these two criteria, six cover crop species were evaluated for their weed suppressive potential in 2 years of experimentation in the Netherlands. Fodder radish, winter oilseed rape and winter rye had the strongest competitive ability in autumn; the competitive strength of Italian ryegrass was intermediate and white lupin and lucerne were poor competitors. Competitiveness was strongly correlated to early light interception. Surprisingly, doubling the recommended sowing density did not increase weed suppressive ability. Although a poor competitor in the fall, after incorporation in spring, lucerne had the strongest inhibitory effect on seedling establishment, followed by winter oilseed rape and white lupin. Winter rye and fodder radish did not affect seedling establishment, whereas Italian ryegrass was not evaluated because of re‐growth after incorporation. Competition in autumn and subsequent residue‐mediated suppression of weed establishment in spring varied among the cover crop species, with winter oilseed rape offering relatively strong effects during both periods.     

宁夏旱作农业区应用全膜双垄沟播技术的效应分析

摘要：通过对宁夏旱作农业区应用全膜双垄沟播技术效应、存在问题的分析,肯定了该项技术是旱作农业的一项突破性技术,针对其在生产应用中存在的技术问题,提出了提高认识、强化技术培训、提高技术到位率、加强技术创新力度、坚持地膜补贴惠民政策、建立旧膜回收机制、加强领导等对策,以加快全膜双垄沟播技术的应用速度,发挥更大的增产、增效作用。