黄淮海旱作区土壤压实度空间分布特征及其影响因素

为探究旱作区农田不同层次土壤压实度特征,基于2017年采集的255个土壤样品,运用Mann-Kendall突变检验法、地统计学和冗余分析等方法,探究黄淮海旱作区耕作层和压实层空间分布特征,分析不同层次的土壤压实度的空间变异特性及影响因素,并提出了最佳土壤压实度范围。研究结果表明:旱作区耕作层和压实层厚度均呈现由北向南递增的趋势,耕作层最大厚度可达22.50 cm,最低仅有10.21 cm;压实层厚度最大可达17.50 cm,最小值也达到7.50 cm。从不同层次来看,耕作层和压实层的压实度具有空间分布一致性,耕作层压实度高值区主要分布在河南省东部、安徽北部及河北北部地区,最大值可达87.68%以上,低值区则主要集中在山东西北部以及河北南部地区。和压实层压实度相比,耕作层压实度是影响粮食产量的主要因素,且在70%～80%时获得较高产量。分析表明,土壤压实度受到年降水量、平均气温、土壤自然属性等环境因子和机械耕作等人为因素综合作用的影响。研究结果可为黄淮海农田土壤压实情况的改善及管理措施的科学制定提供理论支撑。     

Sustainable Aquaculture Products: Implications of Consumer Awareness and of Consumer Preferences for Promising Market Communication in Germany

Sustainability issues are becoming increasingly important in Western food consumption. This research aims at identifying ways to increase the market share of sustainable fish from aquaculture by analyzing consumer awareness and preferences for sustainable aquaculture products and by drawing conclusions on improving communication in the German market. An integrative research approach was used: it began with an inventory of sustainable seafood products on the German market, followed by qualitative and quantitative consumer research, and ending with a stakeholder workshop, which reflected on the research outcome with practitioners. Sustainability and country of origin proved to be of minor relevance to the vast majority of the consumers interviewed. Indeed, attributes such as freshness, taste, and price frequently ranked higher. Like most of the other consumers, the small consumer segment that is generally interested in sustainability issues of food also often lacks knowledge of fish farming and its products. Consequently, communication of sustainability in aquaculture is challenging, and the development of this market requires concerted actions along the whole value chain, with the retail sector as the main actor.     

Production of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus grown in BFT using two aeration systems

Aeration systems used in BFT farming need to meet the dissolved oxygen demand from the biota present in the tank, as well as to keep the particulate matter in suspension. In BFT systems, it is common to use blowers, but the choice of an aerator with better efficiency in oxygen transfer and in electric energy consumption is indispensable. The vertical pump model (VPM) aerator is the most used in intensive tilapia production systems in southern Brazil. The objective of this research was to verify if this aerator model can support Nile tilapia farming under BFT system without producing negative impacts on the functionality neither of the biofloc nor in the production indexes. Simultaneous farming on BFT using blowers served as control. Oreochromis niloticus juveniles with an initial density of 7 kg/m³ were used. After 56 days of farming, the VPM aerator obtained significantly better results, both in water quality parameters and in production indexes, when compared to those obtained in the control treatment. The temperature was higher in the treatment of the blowers due to the lower thermal exchange between the atmospheric air and the tank water. Although the VPM caused lower temperatures, it obtained a productivity of 21.2 kg/m³, compared to 20.2 kg/m³ of the blowers. It was concluded that the use of the VPM aerator had no negative influence on both the formation and functionality of the biofloc, obtaining even higher production rates.     

虹鳟鱼的养殖技术特点和前景展望

本文阐述了养鳟业的经济意义和价值,并从养鳟用水和生产方式、苗种生产、食用鱼养成、养鳟饲料、海水养鳟,疾病防治等方面总结了养鳟基本技术,同时对我国养鳟历史作了回顾,提出了我国养鳟业的发展前景。     

南雄小流坑—青嶂山保护区维管植物区系研究

基于历史资料、文献查阅和2016年4—8月的样线、样方补充调查结果显示,广东南雄小流坑—青嶂山省级自然保护区共有野生维管植物1289种,隶属于185科652属;其中蕨类植物112种,占8.69%,植物区系起源较古老;蕨类植物的科、属地理分布以热带、亚热带为主;种子植物区系表征科为壳斗科、山茶科、樟科、木兰科、金缕梅科、冬青科等共14个科,是华夏植物区系的重要组成部分.种子植物科、属的分布区类型中均以泛热带分布型占优势,同时含有较多的热带亚洲、北温带区系成分,区系成分复杂、多样且古老;区内有国家重点保护和珍稀濒危植物13科14属15种,其中的莼菜(Brasenia schreberi)和南方红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana var.mairei)为国家I级重点保护植物;与邻近的车八岭保护区种子植物区系比较,二者的科、属相似性系数分别为92.86%和77.40%,存在较明显的差异.     

Effects of the extensive culture system as finishing production strategy on biometric and chemical parameters in rainbow trout

The effect of finishing extensive farming period, to reduce fat content and manipulate the fatty acid profile of fish muscle, was evaluated in rainbow trout. Fish were stocked in an artificial lake, in which fish were fed only on naturally available nutrients with no supply of artificial feed, for different lengths of time from 0 to 120 days. No weight loss was noted during the whole finishing period while total length increased from 228±7 to 269±3 mm and the condition factor decreased from 1.41±0.04 to 0.89±0.02. The total fat content of the fillets decreased considerably from 4.7±0.6% at the beginning to 2.4±0.4% and 0.7±0.2% after 45 and 120 days respectively. Fillet fatty acid composition was affected by the time of stocking in the extensive farm. In contrast to the reduction in C18:1n‐9, C18:2n‐6, total monounsaturated fatty acid and total n‐6 percent values, an increase in the C20:5n‐3, C22:6n‐3, total polyunsaturated fatty acid and total n‐3 percent values was observed. It was shown that while other finishing strategies for salmonids have some disadvantages, the extensive culture system seems to be a potentially useful tool for increasing the general quality of the end product.     

衡水湖国家级自然保护区生态补偿标准核算

衡水湖国家级自然保护区是华北平原第二大淡水湿地,在生物多样性保护方面具有十分重要的价值。以衡水湖国家级自然保护区为例,结合其自身特点,参考湿地型自然保护区生态补偿计算方法,综合运用费用分析法、机会成本法、生态价值法及居民意愿法,确定衡水湖国家级自然保护区生态补偿的标准。结果表明,费用分析法得到衡水湖国家级自然保护区直接成本为10.39亿元/a;机会成本法得到其机会成本为6.55亿元/a;生态价值法得到其生态系统服务总价值为71.80亿元/a;居民意愿法得到其自然保护区退田还湖农户平均受偿意愿为4.5万元/(hm2·a);湖区农民户平均受偿意愿为5.4万元/(hm2·a),湖区渔民户平均受偿意愿为3.45万元/(hm2·a)。以自然保护区管理投入的直接成本价值和限制产业发展丧失的机会成本价值作为生态补偿的下线,以生态系统服务总价值乘以衡水湖地区的生态价值系数55.1%作为生态补偿的上线,则衡水湖国家级自然保护区生态补偿的合理标准范围为16.94亿～39.56亿元/a。     

The conservation status of Sabellaria alveolata (L.) (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) reefs in the Bay of Mont‐Saint‐Michel

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细鳞鲳常见养殖病害及防治技术

细鳞鲳是新型的大型淡水经济养殖品种,具有较高的食用与商业价值,了解并掌握细鳞鲳的常见养殖病害及其防治技术,将对开展其大规模人工养殖起到重要作用。     

Dairy farming financial structures in Hokkaido, Japan and New Zealand

The productivity and financial performance of dairy farms in New Zealand and Japan (Hokkaido) were analyzed. By recomposing the official statistics on the dairy industry relative to Japan, New Zealand has low milk yield productivity per cow, but higher per hectare performance because of their seasonal breeding and pasture grazing systems. In the revenue and expenses analysis, New Zealand had a high cash surplus ratio compared with Hokkaido. In the cost analysis, for expenses on a “per kg of raw milk” basis, New Zealand milk production costs are 29% of those in Hokkaido. More than 60% of the production costs were attributable to feed, interest charges and wages in New Zealand. In Hokkaido, the feed cost alone accounted for 73% of the total cost. There is also a remarkably high interest expenditure in New Zealand caused by non‐subsidized fund procurement from finance organizations. In the financial analysis, New Zealand dairy farms have only approximately 50% of the total assets per cow compared with farms in Hokkaido. But total liabilities per cow in Hokkaido are twofold to threefold greater than in New Zealand. The difference between total assets and total liabilities shows that Hokkaido dairy farmers have an equity that is 50–200% greater than New Zealand dairy farmers. In the management analysis, New Zealand has a low turnover ratio of gross assets caused by the seasonal breeding system. In conclusion, New Zealand has higher per hectare production performance than Hokkaido, but has a low utilization of gross assets caused by a seasonal breeding system based on pasture grazing.