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21.
Jordyn M Boesch DVM Robin D Gleed BVSc Diplomate ACVA Jason W Gagne BS Kyla Ortved DVM Nathan L Dykes DVM Diplomate ACVR & William A Horne DVM PhD Diplomate ACVA 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2009,36(6):567-573
ObservationsA 1-month-old Nubian goat presented for sialocyst resection. Physical examination and bloodwork were unremarkable. While pre-oxygenating, the goat was sedated with midazolam and morphine (0.1 mg kg?1 each) intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later with 1.7 mg kg?1 propofol. Sevoflurane was administered in oxygen without assisted ventilation via a cuffed orotracheal tube. Throughout the first 85 minutes of anesthesia, the goat was well-oxygenated (SpO2, ≥97%), ventilating adequately (Pe′CO2, 36–48 mmHg), and had normal mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, 60–85 mmHg). Blood-gas values at 45 minutes were consistent with adequate ventilation on oxygen. At 75 minutes, the goat moved in response to surgical stimulation, requiring additional propofol (0.4 mg kg?1). After 10 minutes, MAP dropped precipitously to 40 mmHg and frequent multiform premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) were observed. Crystalloids, hetastarch, and dopamine (5 μg kg?1 minute?1) were administered to correct the hypotension. Arterial blood-gas analysis revealed that the goat had become hypoxemic (PaO2, 50 mmHg). Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was initiated. Subsequent blood-gas analysis did not show significant improvement in PaO2 (53 and 56 mmHg, respectively). Occasional PVCs were observed thereafter. Surgery ended, and sevoflurane and IPPV were discontinued. The goat was extubated within 7 minutes and received 100% oxygen by mask. Diffuse crackles were ausculted over both hemithoraces. Suspecting pulmonary edema, furosemide (1 mg kg?1) was administered IV. Radiographs taken immediately post-operatively revealed a severe, caudodorsal airspace (alveolar) pattern, confirming the diagnosis. Respiration improved considerably within an hour with nasal oxygen and two additional doses of furosemide.ConclusionsThe goat developed acute, drug-induced, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in response to the second dose of propofol. 相似文献
22.
Suphla Bajpai Ajai Prakash Gupta M.M. Gupta Srikant Sharma C.M. Govil Sushil Kumar 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2000,47(3):315-322
A set of 208 Indian and two Thai germplasm accessions of opium poppy Papaver somniferum were assessed for variation in 17 morphological characters, seed yield and content and yield of morphine from capsules and peduncles. The germplasm was found to be highly variable for all the characters evaluated. In the harvested peduncles and capsules, 13% was peduncle straw, 61% seeds and the rest capsule husk. The peduncle and capsule straw yields ranged between 0.6–2.2 and 1.4–5.3 g plant-1, respectively. Morphine content in the peduncle varied between about 0.001–0.24% and that in the capsule from 0.02 to 1.05%. On average basis morphine content in the capsule husk was more than 9-fold higher than the peduncle straw. The plant morphine yields from peduncles and capsules ranged between 1.2 and 28.6 mg plant-1. Four accessions yielded more than 20 mg of morphine plant-1. Among these, in one of the accessions about 13% of the morphine was contributed by the peduncle. The plants of high morphine yielding accessions were generally small in height, and bore white flowers and large sized ungrooved capsules with a small number of seeds, on a large peduncle. 相似文献
23.
Babette Kögel Rolf Terlinden Johannes Schneider 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2014,41(3):297-304
ObjectiveTo evaluate the analgesic potential of the centrally acting analgesics tramadol, morphine and the novel analgesic tapentadol in a pre-clinical research model of acute nociceptive pain, the tail-flick model in dogs.Study designProspective part-randomized pre-clinical research trial.AnimalsFifteen male Beagle dogs (HsdCpb:DOBE), aged 12–15 months.MethodsOn different occasions separated by at least 1 week, dogs received intravenous (IV) administrations of tramadol (6.81, 10.0 mg kg?1), tapentadol (2.15, 4.64, 6.81 mg kg?1) or morphine (0.464, 0.681, 1.0 mg kg?1) with subsequent measurement of tail withdrawal latencies from a thermal stimulus (for each treatment n = 5). Blood samples were collected immediately after the pharmacodynamic measurements of tramadol to determine pharmacokinetics and the active metabolite O-demethyltramadol (M1).ResultsTapentadol and morphine induced dose-dependent antinociception with ED50-values of 4.3 mg kg?1 and 0.71 mg kg?1, respectively. In contrast, tramadol did not induce antinociception at any dose tested. Measurements of the serum levels of tramadol and the M1 metabolite revealed only marginal amounts of the M1 metabolite, which explains the absence of the antinociptive effect of tramadol in this experimental pain model in dogs.Conclusions and clinical relevanceDifferent breeds of dogs might not or only poorly respond to treatment with tramadol due to low metabolism of the drug. Tapentadol and morphine which act directly on μ-opioid receptors without the need for metabolic activation are demonstrated to induce potent antinociception in the experimental model used and should also provide a reliable pain management in the clinical situation. The non-opioid mechanisms of tramadol do not provide antinociception in this experimental setting. This contrasts to many clinical situations described in the literature, where tramadol appears to provide useful analgesia in dogs for post-operative pain relief and in more chronically pain states. 相似文献
24.
用吗啡对A、B、C3家实验动物繁育生产专业单位KM小鼠进行镇痛、耐受性和身体依赖性的比较实验。结果显示,A、B、C3家单位KM小鼠的利用率分别为70%、77%和81%,吗啡热板法镇痛ED50分别为3.611mg/kg、3.635mg/kg和5.096mg/kg,A单位KM小鼠吗啡镇痛起效最快,作用维持时间最长,C单位KM小鼠镇痛作用最弱。吗啡的耐受性实验结果表明,3家单位的KM小鼠之间没有差异,但是吗啡的身体依赖性实验结果表明,B、C单位KM小鼠与A单位小鼠之间有显著性差异(p<0.01)。结果提示,用吗啡对KM小鼠进行镇痛实验时,必须使用同一来源的动物,此外,加速我国KM小鼠的标准化研究迫在眉睫。 相似文献
25.
Cristina Orden Martín Santos María Ceprian Francisco J. Tendillo 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2021,48(1):74-81
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MACSEV) reduction produced by morphine in rats.Study designRandomized, blinded trial.AnimalsA total of 75 male Wistar Han rats weighing 276 ± 23 g (mean and standard deviation), aged 3 months.MethodsCannabidiol (CBD) was prepared in an ethanol-solutol-saline vehicle. Animals were randomly divided into 15 groups and given an intraperitoneal bolus of 1, 3, 5, 6.5, 7.5 or 10 mg kg?1 of CBD alone (CBD1, CBD3, CBD5, CBD6.5, CBD7.5 and CBD10 respectively) or combined with 5 mg kg?1 of morphine (MOR+CBD1, MOR+CBD3, MOR+CBD5, MOR+CBD6.5, MOR+CBD7.5 and MOR+CBD10). While three controls groups: MOR+saline, MOR+vehicle and vehicle were given an intraperitoneal bolus of morphine with saline, morphine with vehicle or vehicle alone respectively. The MACSEV was determined from alveolar gas samples at the time of tail clamp application. The MACSEV reduction was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Additionally, Kruskal-Wallis test for non-normally-distributed data was performed. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. P < 0.05ResultsThe mean MACSEV was not reduced by the action of CBD administered alone, but the addition of morphine to the different doses of CBD significantly reduced the MACSEV. That reduction was greatest in the MOR+CBD1, MOR+CBD7.5 and MOR+CBD10 groups (29 ± 5%, 32 ± 5% and 30 ± 6% respectively), less in MOR+CBD3 and MOR+CBD6.5 groups (24 ± 3% and 26 ± 4% respectively) and least in MOR+CBD5 group (17 ± 2%). However, only the MOR+CBD5 group was statistically significantly different from MOR+CBD1, MOR+CBD7.5 and MOR+CBD10 groups.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMACSEV in rat was unaltered by the action of CBD alone, the reduction in MACSEV produced by morphine was not enhanced by the addition of CBD at the doses studied. 相似文献
26.
A total of 140 Indian accessions of Papaver somniferum were raised under the subtropical conditions of Lucknow, India. They were screened for major alkaloids present in the capsules and peduncles, using a TLC-densitometry procedure. An accession containing the narcotic alkaloid morphine at as low a concentration as 0.05% in its capsules has been identified. The accession has good agronomic traits. 相似文献
27.
Sandeep Raj Karna Paul Chambers Craig B. Johnson Preet Singh Lauren A. Stewart Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos Kavitha Kongara 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2020,43(6):538-546
This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of combinations of morphine, dexmedetomidine and maropitant in preventing the changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of nociception in anaesthetized dogs subjected to a noxious electrical stimulus. In a crossover study, eight healthy adult dogs were randomly allocated to four groups: Mor: morphine 0.6 mg/kg; Dex + Mor: morphine 0.3 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 5 μg/kg; Maro + Mor: morphine 0.3 mg/kg + maropitant 1 mg/kg; and Dex + Maro + Mor: morphine 0.2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 3 μg/kg + maropitant 0.7 mg/kg. Following intramuscular administration of test drugs in a minimal anaesthesia model, a supramaximal electrical stimulus (50 V at 50 Hz for 2 s) was applied and the EEG data were recorded. There were significant increases (p < .05) in the poststimulus median frequency (F50) only in groups Mor and Maro + Mor. Dex + Mor group had a significantly lower change in F50 and F95 compared to all other treatment groups. There was no correlation of the changes in EEG frequencies with blood plasma concentration of the drugs during and after noxious stimulation. Combination of dexmedetomidine and morphine was most effective in abolishing the changes in EEG indices in response to a noxious stimulus indicating a supra-additive interaction between these two drugs. 相似文献
28.
B. F. Kania 《Veterinary research communications》1994,18(2):123-132
Morphine (20 and 40 µg/kg) administered into the cerebral ventricle of conscious sheep caused significant inhibition of the mean frequency and the average amplitude of primary ruminal contractions by 45 min after injection. Between 90 and 120 min, morphine (40 µg) provoked a significant increase in the amplitude (p<0.01). At both doses it caused strong psychomotor excitability that lasted for more than 140 min. Isolation of the hypothalamus prevented both the inhibitory effects of morphine on rumen motility and the drug-induced psychomotor excitability. Histopathological analysis of slices of the hypothalamus, pons and medulla indicated descending degenerative changes in the nervous pathways connecting the hypothalamus with lower structures in the brain. These results suggest either that hypothalamic isolation caused degeneration of inhibitory descending pathways that connect the hypothalamus with the gastric centres or that structures of importance for forestomach motility are not located within the gastric centres but elsewhere in the brain, for example in the hypothalamus.Abbreviations Ach
acetylcholine
- CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
- ICV
intracerebroventricular(ly)
- NA
noradrenalin
- 6-OHDA
6-hydroxydopamine
- PAGM
periaqueductal grey matter 相似文献
29.
Mathieu Raillard Julien Michaut-Castrillo Damien Spreux Olivier Gauthier Gwenola Touzot-Jourde Delphine Holopherne-Doran 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):17-27
Objective
To compare the effects of intravenous (IV) medetomidine-morphine and medetomidine-methadone on preoperative sedation, isoflurane requirements and postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing laparoscopic surgery.Study design
Randomized, crossover trial.Animals
Twelve adult Beagle dogs weighing 15.1 ± 4.1 kg.Methods
Dogs were administered medetomidine (2.5 μg kg?1) IV 5 minutes before either methadone (MET) or morphine (MOR) (0.3 mg kg?1) IV. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol, maintained with isoflurane in oxygen, and depth was clinically assessed and adjusted by an anaesthetist blinded to the treatment. Animals underwent laparoscopic abdominal biopsies. Sedation and nausea scores, pulse rate (PR), respiratory rate (fR), noninvasive systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), rectal temperature (RT) and pain scores were recorded before drug administration, 5 minutes after medetomidine injection and 10 minutes after opioid administration. Propofol dose, PR, fR, SAP, oesophageal temperature (TOES), end-tidal carbon dioxide and end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe′Iso) were recorded intraoperatively. Pain scores, PR, fR, SAP and RT were recorded 10 minutes after extubation, every hour for 6 hours, then at 8, 18 and 24 hours. The experiment was repeated with the other drug 1 month later.Results
Nine dogs completed the study. After opioid administration and intraoperatively, PR, but not SAP, was significantly lower in MET. Fe′Iso was significantly lower in MET. Temperature decreased in both treatments. Pain scores were significantly higher in MOR at 3 hours after extubation, but not at other time points. Two dogs required rescue analgesia; one with both treatments and one in MOR.Conclusion and clinical relevance
At the dose used, sedation produced by both drugs when combined with medetomidine was equivalent, while volatile anaesthetic requirements and PR perioperatively were lower with methadone. Postoperative analgesia was deemed to be adequate for laparoscopy with either protocol, although methadone provided better analgesia 3 hours after surgery. 相似文献30.
Preet M. Singh Craig B. Johnson Brett Gartrell Sheryl Mitchinson Antony Jacob Paul Chambers 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):538-545