林木竞争对臭冷杉生物量分配的影响

用不同高度树干直径建立并比较臭冷杉各器官生物量方程,分析林木竞争对臭冷杉地上、地下生物量分配的影响。结果表明:臭冷杉不同高度树干直径中,胸径是预测各器官生物量的最可靠变量;利用不同高度树干直径建立各器官生物量方程均会高估小个体样木(直径≤10cm)的生物量,并且随着直径增大,预测误差也随之增大;臭冷杉地上生物量与地下生物量的比值(T/R)与树木年龄、单株生物量、整株生物量年均生长率及树高年均生长率间均没有显著相关性(P>0.05);随着竞争增强,臭冷杉树干生物量占单株生物量的比例逐渐减小,枝叶生物量比例逐渐增大,而粗根生物量比例则基本保持不变;胸径年均生长率、树高年均生长率及单株生物量年均生长率均随着竞争强度增大逐渐减小,而T/R值并不受林木竞争的影响。     

环氧树脂复合富马海松酸改性水性聚氨酯的合成及性能研究

以环氧树脂(E-51)和富马海松酸聚酯多元醇为原料,制备了环氧树脂复合富马海松酸改性水性聚氨酯,并探讨了环氧树脂E-51添加量对复合乳液和漆膜性能的影响。结果显示当E-51添加量为3%时,漆膜的吸水率为10.2%,拉伸强度为35.6 MPa,断裂伸长率为410.2%,摆杆硬度为0.89。通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、透射电镜(TEM)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)及同步热分析仪(TGA)对样品的形态及结构进行了表征。结果表明:环氧树脂中的羟基和环氧基参与了反应,部分发生交联形成网络结构;随着环氧树脂添加量的增大,制备的复合乳液粒径增大,粒径分布变宽;同时改性后的复合漆膜的耐水性、热力学稳定性、力学性能及耐化学溶剂性增强。     

近自然生态条件下千年桐竞争关系的研究

以近自然生态条件下千年桐直播造林林分为研究对象,研究其种内种间竞争关系。结果表明：直播造林林分中千年桐胸径＜8 cm时,千年桐种内竞争较弱,胸径在8～13 cm时,其竞争指数增长特别快,种内竞争非常大;当胸径＞13 cm时,种内竞争指数逐渐减少;其种间竞争中与杉木的竞争最为强烈。千年桐种内竞争与距离的关系表现为当其距离＜1.0 m时,其竞争指数最高,种内竞争最为激烈;距离在2.0～3.5 m时,种内竞争指数较为稳定;当其距离超过3.5 m后,千年桐种内竞争指数逐渐变小,竞争强度逐渐减弱。     

Quasi-non-linear fracture mechanics analysis of splitting failure in simply supported beams loaded perpendicular to grain by dowel joints

A quasi-non-linear fracture mechanics model based on beam on elastic foundation theory is applied for analysis of the splitting failure of dowel joints loaded perpendicular to grain. Simply supported beams symmetrically loaded by two dowels are considered, and the effects of edge distance, dowel spacing, and distance between dowels and supports are accounted for. The foundation modulus used in the beam on elastic foundation model is chosen so that the perpendicular-to-grain tensile strength and fracture energy properties of the wood are correctly represented. This ensures that a conventional stress analysis and failure criterion lead to the same solution as the compliance method of fracture mechanics. A semiempirical efficiency factor is proposed to account for the influence of the total beam depth, which does not enter the beam on elastic foundation model, but the effect of which is evident from tests. It is shown that the so-called Van der Put/Leijten model, which recently has been adopted in Eurocode 5, appears as a special case of the model presented. Tests on simply supported beams with a single dowel joint at midspan are compared with the theoretical predictions. Various edge distances, beam depths, and spans were tested.     

具集中质量悬索在轴向激励作用下的主共振分析

针对具有集中荷载作用的两端固定悬索在悬索端点外激励作用下悬索系统发生的强迫振动,研究了激励频率接近悬索主共振频率时,系统产生的主共振.1)采用多尺度法,得到了不同振型的主共振分叉图和主共振分叉点的解析解;2)通过实例计算,得到了悬索的不同振型的主共振分叉图和主共振分叉点位置.     

庞泉沟自然保护区优势种种群竞争关系及其动态预测

利用Hegyi单木竞争指数模型对庞泉沟自然保护区优势种群的种内、种间竞争关系进行了定量分析。结果表明:种内和种间竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小,种内竞争较之与其伴生树种间的竞争剧烈。华北落叶松种内、种间竞争强度大小顺序为:种内>云杉>红桦>白桦>关帝柳>花楸>山杨。竞争强度与对象木胸径之间存在显著的幂函数非线性回归关系,回归结果与林分实际相符,从而为庞泉沟自然保护区混交林理论研究和合理经营提供了科学依据。     

Survival of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) seedlings in forests of southwestern Oregon

Survival of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) seedlings was studied in order to interpret succession in conifer hardwood forests and to determine ways to suppress establishment of these species. Seed protected from rodents and birds, and unprotected seed was sown in clearcuts and in conifer stands 40 to 200+ years old. Second-year survival rates of tanoak seedlings were high (50–70%) in exposed clearcuts and conifer stands. Seed predators appear to be of prime importance in limiting tanoak establishment. Survival rates of Pacific madrone seedlings on the same sites as the tanoak were low (0–8%), and many factors caused mortality. Seedlings of both species grew slowly; after 3 years, average tanoak height was only 6.0 to 14.0 cm, average madrone height 2.0 to 6.0 cm.     

加强我院职工队伍素质建设，积极参与市场竞争

国家林业局昆明勘察设计院职工队伍存在着：知识结构单一，缺乏复合型高级人才；离退休人员过多，职工负担过重；市场观念淡薄，竞争意识不强；功能单一，机制不活，职工队伍缺乏生机和活力等诸多问题。自1984年实行差额拨款后，已经采取了以下措施：建立“能上能下”的干部选拔任用机制；建立“能进能出”的人才管理机制；建立“能多能少”的弹性分配机制。并对今后工作提出了若干建议。     

一种新的竞争指标——树冠影响度

可变竞争区域类竞争指标根据对象木某个描述型指标函数确定竞争区域;而树冠在树木的生长过程中具有重要的作用,并且反映了树木的长期竞争水平,根据这两种思想提出一种新的竞争可变区域类竞争指标——树冠影响度。采用典型选样法设置研究样地,并对样地内树种的各个测树因子进行调查统计,应用树冠影响度对数据进行分析讨论,结果显示:样地树种平均树冠影响度为0.359 4,样地中群落竞争相对较弱,群落结构相对稳定,其中马尾松(Pinus massoniana)的树冠影响度最小,为0.261 3;枫香(Liquidambar formosana)的树冠影响度最大,为0.510 1。优势种群树种平均树冠影响度小于非优势种群树种,优势种群受到的竞争较小,竞争能力较强,针叶树种平均树冠影响度小于阔叶树种树种,针叶树在群落中处于优势地位。     

Shade-based control of Imperata cylindrica: tree fallows and cover crops

Imperata is shade-intolerant, although little is known of the relative roles of competition for light, water and nutrients in suppressing its growth. Shading of Imperata results in reduced carbohydrate storage, reduced rhizome and tuber-bulb production, reduced shoot dry weight, increased susceptibility to competition, increased susceptibility to herbicides and decreased vigor/regeneration. Herbaceous cover crops in the genera Calapogonium, Crotoleria, Mucuna and Pueraria have been shown to effectively suppress Imperata growth and can be used to prevent and in some cases eradicate Imperata. Tree fallows with fast-growing species such as Sesbania sesban, Acacia nilotica and Leucaena leucocephala can improve soil physical and chemical properties and suppress weed growth. Forest plantations have been successfully used, particularly with the use of moderate to high tillage, weeding and fertilizer inputs to suppress Imperata growth. These plantations produce marketable wood and reclaim the site for other uses. Additional research is needed to evaluate the specific nature of competition and allelopathic effects from Imperata. Continued evaluation of tree species and provenances for Imperata suppression, forms of tillage after woody fallow crops and the constraints to adoption of cover crops and trees as Imperata control measures are also needed.