二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨在四季豆上种间竞争力研究

对二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨在以四季豆为寄主时的种间竞争进行了研究。结果表明：无论单种种群还是混合种群。二斑叶螨的活动虫态和成虫的内禀增长力均高于朱砂叶螨,这表明在以四季豆为寄主植物时,二斑叶螨比朱砂叶螨具有更强的种问竞争力。     

虚拟间作植物根系竞争生长的可视化系统研究

基于模拟根系形态结构的Simroot系统的几何建模理论,结合计算机图形学方法建立了虚拟间作植物根系竞争生长过程的三维可视化模拟系统。将间作大豆—玉米根系的生长参数输入模拟系统中进行模拟。结果表明,该系统能够形象逼真地显现间作植物根系竞争生长过程中的形态结构和生物特性。     

土壤水分对黄土丘陵区演替序列种种间竞争的影响

种间竞争是不同物种为争夺资源发生的相互关系,对群落植被演替、恢复有重要意义。同时水分是黄土丘陵区植物生长的限制因素,该区多物种种间水资源竞争研究较少,为此选取该区6种演替序列种,采用种对试验法研究其对土壤水分变化的竞争响应。结果表明:(1)除狗尾草外,其他5种植物的生长指标和土壤水分变化趋势基本一致,地下部分变化程度大于地上部分。不同植物最适水分条件不同。(2)单位竞争能力与总竞争能力相似地反映植物种间竞争状况。狗尾草和白羊草在中高水竞争力均高于同组的猪毛蒿、达乌里胡枝子,低水反之。铁杆蒿随着水分减少,竞争力低于茭蒿。受水分胁迫时,达乌里胡枝子、白羊草的竞争力茭蒿、铁杆蒿猪毛蒿、狗尾草,即演替后期种竞争能力演替中期演替初期,符合演替生态位理论。竞争的不对称随着环境生产力的增加而降低。随着演替中土壤水分的减少,物种耐水分胁迫的能力逐渐增强,从而促使演替的继续。     

Influence of soil water on stress–strain behaviour of a compacting soil in semi-arid Kenya

Depending on the top and subsoil textures, semi-arid soils exhibit cohesive and frictional properties that are associated with the relatively high soil strength, bulk density and penetration resistance. The objective of this study was to gain the knowledge of mechanical properties of the compacting chromic luvisols in order to improve the design of tillage tools. Therefore, we applied critical state soil mechanics to study the stress–strain behaviour of the luvisols using triaxial tests under laboratory conditions. Field investigations involved random collection of undisturbed soil samples which were subjected to triaxial testing first by isotropic consolidation and compression and then triaxial shearing. Plots of deviatoric stress against axial strain were made to determine the soil shear strengths at the critical states over different soil water levels and the two soil depths of 0–20 cm for the plough and 20–40 cm for the hard pan layers, respectively. An exponential model used to fit the deviatoric stress–axial strain test data accurately predicted the trends. Soil water significantly influenced the shear strength, cohesion (c′) and internal angle of friction (′) and hence the mechanical behaviour of the luvisols. The regression equations developed showed that c′ and ′ have quadratic relationships with soil water. The very high clay bonding strength in the subsoil (hard pan) layer resulted in high shear strength, bulk density and penetration resistance values for this soil layer. The increase in shear strength with decreasing water content affected the deviatoric stress–axial strain relationships between the upper and lower plastic limits of the sandy soil. Thus, as the soil dried, the soil ceased to behave in the plastic (ductile flow) manner and thus began to break apart and crumble. The crumbling was indicative of brittle failure. The transition stage from an increase to a decrease in c′ and ′ values with soil water occurred in the soil water content range of 6–10%. Knowledge of stress–strain behaviour of compacting soils is of practical significance in the design of appropriate tillage tools for the specific soil type.     

Process studies in aPinus radiata-pasture agroforestry system in a subhumid temperature environment. I. Water use and light interception in the third year

In this study we determined soil moisture storage, evapotranspiration (ET) and light interception in an agroforestry trial consisting of pine trees grown over (1) control (bare ground), (2) ryegrass/clovers (Lolium perene/Trifolium spp.), (3) lucerne (Medicago sativa), and (4) ryegrass only during the third growing season between 1992 and 1993. The results show that:

生态位理论及其测度研究进展

许多学者都试图给生态位下定义 ,但最具代表性的当推Grinnell、Elton和Hutchinson分别给出的“空间生态位”、“功能生态位”和“多维超体积生态位”定义 ;生态位测度包括生态位宽度、生态位重叠、生态位体积及生态位维数等 ,其中生态位宽度和生态位重叠是描述一个物种的生态位以及物种生态位间关系的重要指标 .该文列举并分析了每一个测度公式的优缺点 ,进而优选出适合森林群落的生态位计测公式 .指出利用性竞争的一个必要条件是生态位重叠 ,但重叠并不一定导致竞争 ,竞争是在资源供应不足且生态位重叠条件下形成的 .     

市场竞争与发展方略

分析新时期我国农机市场竞争的变化态势和农机企业在市场发展中的定位,提出我国农机化快速发展的成长期和结构调整、产业升级的转型期,推进发展方式转变可选择的发展战略.     

曹典球的近代商战、学战思想与实践

根据新发现的史料 ,结合以往的研究文献 ,集中论述曾两任湖南大学校长的曹典球 ( 1877～ 196 0 ) ,对于湖南近代“商战”、“学战”具有系统的思考和实践 ,是一位杰出的先行者     

Distribution analyses of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus coffeae sensu lato in coffee plots in Costa Rica and Guatemala

The distribution of the plant-parasitic nematodes Pratylenchus coffeae sensu lato and Meloidogyne spp. were studied in two plots, one in Guatemala ( P. coffeae and M. paranaensis ) and the other in Costa Rica ( P. coffeae and M. exigua ). The quantity of nematodes per g fresh weight root were counted for each coffee tree sampled. The distributions were aggregated, and generally fitted well to negative binomial distributions. Population aggregation was greater when a smaller number of nematodes were involved, suggesting that initial colonization develops in foci. Analyses of the relationships between population levels of the species suggested that there was competition between Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. This competition was expressed differently depending on the relative population density of the different species.     

The role ofPseudomonas spp. and competition for carbon,nitrogen and iron in the enhancement of appressorium formation byColletotrichum coccodes on velvetleaf

Colletotrichum coccodes is currently being investigated as a mycoherbicide against the weed velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Two isolates ofPseudomonas spp. (Ps2 and Ps5) reduced the percentage of germ tubes and increased appressorial formation ofC. coccodes on detached leaves of velvetleaf. A study was conducted to see whether this effect could be attributed to competition for nutrients or iron betweenC. coccodes andPseudomonas spp. Ps2 and Ps5 had no effect on early spore germination, but reduced the percentage of germ tubes at 24 and 30 h, compared to the nontreated control. This reduction was diminished by the addition of nutrients but not Fe³⁺. Ps2 and Ps5 stimulated the formation of dark-coloured appressoria without germ tubes (AWGT), but this stimulation was diminished by the addition of nutrients or Fe³⁺. Germ tube branching at 30 h was also inhibited by the bacteria, but was not diminished by the addition of nutrients or iron. EDTA stimulated conidial germination at 10 h, which was reduced by the addition of Fe³⁺. However, EDTA did not stimulate the formation of appressoria (AWGT). These results suggest that the reduction in the percentage of germ tubes and the increase in the percentage of appressoria induced by the bacteria may be due to the competition for carbon or nitrogen. Iron competition may also be involved in the stimulation of appressorial formation, but not in the reduction in germ tube percentage and branching. Phylloplane bacteria may compete for carbon, nitrogen and iron, limiting the saprophytic phase of the pathogen on the phylloplane and accelerating the development of the parasitic phase. This may enhance the field efficacy ofC. coccodes as a biocontrol agent against velvetleaf.