Genetic analysis of the maximum germination distance of Striga under Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae biocontrol in sorghum

Maximum germination distance(MGD) is an important component of Striga resistance in sorghum. The objective of this study was to determine gene action influencing MGD of Striga hermonthica and Striga asiatica among selected sorghum lines treated with a biocontrol agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae(FOS) for effective breeding with Striga resistance, and FOS compatibility. Twelve sorghum genotypes were selected based on their Striga resistance, FOS compatibility, and superior agronomic performance. Selected genotypes were crossed using a bi-parental mating design to generate six families for genetic analysis. Agar-gel assays were used to determine low haustorium initiation factor(LHF) using the 12 parental lines, their F_1 progenies, backcross derivatives, and F_2 segregants in two sets. One set had S. hermonthica seed and the other one had S. asiatica seed. Both were treated with and without FOS. Genotypes were evaluated using a split-plot design with three replications and MGD data were recorded followed by generation mean analysis. FOS reduced MGD by 1cm under both S. hermonthica and S. asiatica infestations. Additive, dominance, and epistatic gene actions were involved in the control of MGD of the two Striga species in the evaluated populations. On average, the relative contribution of additive, additive×additive and dominance×dominance genetic effects on the MGD of S. hermonthica and S. asiatica, with FOS, were 20, 33, and 36%; and 21, 32, and 35%, respectively. Breeding methods exploiting these genetic effects may provide enhanced response to selection for Striga resistance and FOS compatibility in integrated Striga management(ISM) programmes.     

植被光合有效辐射吸收分量及最大光能利用率算法的改进

植被冠层对入射光有效辐射的吸收系数 (FPAR) 和最大光能利用率是NPP模拟的重要参数。利用光量子仪实测了典型草原植被类型关键生育期光合有效辐射值,根据NDVI与FPAR之间的良好相关性,建立了2个FAPR估算模型。结果表明,实测的FPAR值与模型估算的FPAR之间的相关性均达到极显著水平,2个模型的估测值之间没有显著性差异。因此,本研究中采取求均值后计算了我国草原的FPAR,并与NASA-FPAR产品进行了嵌套和互补,形成全国完整的草原FPAR空间分布图。同时,基于归一化植被指数和叶面积指数,以中国草原18大类分类结果为基础单元,对中国草原18大类的最大光能利用率进行调整,调整后的最大光能利用率输入NPP模型后,改善了NPP估算精度,在大类尺度上,总体预测精度为85.71%。     

树木年轮记录的新疆新源350a来温度变化

利用位于天山西部伊犁河谷巩乃斯河源区的雪岭云杉树轮宽度资料,分析了树木径向生长与相邻气象站点气象资料的关系,发现树轮指数与新源气象站7-8月的降水正相关,与7-8月最高气温显著负相关,且存在明显的滞后效应,表明这一区域树木生长主要受水份条件限制。生长季期间的高温导致蒸发量增加,不利于树木当年和次年的生长。利用树轮宽度年...     

Heat production, eating behavior and milk yield of lactating cows fed two rations differing in roughage content and digestibility under heat load conditions

The objective of this study was to measure the effect of feeding two total mixed rations (TMRs), differing in their roughage content and in vitro dry matter digestibility, on the respiratory rate, body temperature, eating behavior and energy balance of lactating cows. The partitioning of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) between heat production (HP) and retained energy (RE) of cows held under heat load conditions was measured. Forty-two lactating cows were divided into two similar sub-groups, each of 21 animals, and were fed either a control (CON) ration containing 18% roughage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or an experimental (EXP) TMR that contained 12% roughage NDF and used soy hulls as partial wheat silage replacer. The in vitro DM digestibility of the CON and EXP TMRs was 75.3 and 78.6%, respectively (P < 0.05). The EXP diet reduced rectal temperature and respiratory rate of the cows while increasing their number of meals per day by 32.7% as compared with the CON fed cows, and these meals were shorter in duration and were eaten faster. The EXP diet increased total DM intake from 19.6 to 21.5 kg/cow/d, milk yield from 32.3 to 34.6 kg, and yield of energy corrected milk from 30.9 to 32.2 kg, as compared with the CON group. Cows fed the EXP TMR had increased RE in milk and body tissue, as compared with the CON group, but the diets had no effect on the measured HP that was maintained similar (121 vs. 127 MJ/cow/d) in the two groups. The measured MEI (MEI = RE + HP) and the efficiency of MEI utilization for RE production, were similar in the two dietary groups.     

不同采样密度的土壤水分特征参数预测

利用不同取样精度的土壤,将土壤质地(砂土、淤泥、粘土含量)和容重作为输入值,探讨了使用基于土壤转换函数的BP神经网络模型来预测0~20 cm表层土壤水分特征曲线参数,用甘肃省称钩河流域小流域的土样进行预测并进行了误差分析。结果表明,使用线性回归能够减小预测误差与实测值差距;使用BP神经网络来预测饱和体积含水量,其准确性比使用BP神经网络预测剩余体积含水量和田间持水量要高。为了进一步提高预测精度,还应尽可能地包括土壤结构、有机质含量等信息。     

电动汽车用永磁同步电机电流控制研究与仿真

对电动汽车用永磁同步电机基速以下采用最大转矩／电流控制策略,高速采用最大功率弱磁控制策略进行研究,并通过Matlab／Simulink对最大转矩／电流控制方式和最大功率弱磁以及电动汽车部分运行状态加以仿真。     

灌溉施氮和种植密度对棉花叶面积指数与产量的影响

为构建便于实际应用的棉花叶面积指数和产量模型,综合考虑灌溉、施肥、种植密度及覆膜的影响,建立了基于相对有效积温的普适棉花相对叶面积指数的Logistic模型,并研究了棉花最大叶面积指数与全生育期灌水量、施氮量、种植密度及产量之间的关系。结果表明：覆膜棉花叶面积指数最大时的有效积温为1400℃左右,不覆膜棉花的叶面积指数最大时的有效积温为1600℃左右。棉花最大叶面积指数随耗水量、施氮量呈现出先增后减的变化趋势,而种植密度与最大叶面积指数之间表现出明显的正相关性。综合考虑灌水量、施氮量和种植密度的作用可以较为准确描述最大叶面积指数变化特征。棉花产量随着最大叶面积指数的变化呈现出明显的先增后减的变化趋势,当最大叶面积指数为4.93时籽棉产量最大达6066.2kg/hm2。相对化分析结果表明,覆膜与不覆膜棉花相对叶面积指数的变化趋势基本一致,相应的模型参数也基本相同,从而建立了全国范围内覆膜与不覆膜棉花统一的相对叶面积指数的Logistic模型。该研究为棉花科学种植和精细化管理提供了方法,也为其他作物在不同管理措施和地域时进行建模提供了参考。     

土壤水高矿化度对粉质黏土水力特性的影响

为获取高矿化度土壤水条件下的水力特征参数,并比较不同处理的影响,实验测定淡水、30、100及250g/L土壤水矿化度处理土样脱湿过程的水分特征曲线,并利用RETC软件进行模型参数拟合。结果表明,粉质黏土条件下,van Genuchten-Burdine模型可拟合各不同处理土壤水分特征曲线。各组实测曲线形态显示,在吸力较大阶段,当土壤水吸力增大到一定程度时含水率才发生变化,二者呈多值对应关系。TDS-30处理对应的残余体积含水率θr最大,α、n值最小,非饱和水力传导度K值衰减最快;中等大小孔隙的变化对非饱和水力传导度影响较为显著。研究成果可为深入开展矿化度潜水蒸发数值计算提供支持。     

面向风云静止卫星地表温度产品的缺失数据修复方法对比

静止卫星地表温度数据是研究昼夜温度变化规律及全球气候变化的重要参数。但常见的静止卫星地表温度数据,如风云二号F星地表温度产品(FY-2F LST)由于受到云、雾霾和气溶胶等大气因素的影响,往往会出现数值缺失的现象。针对该问题,一系列基于温度昼夜变化模型(diurnal temperature cycle,DTC)的静止卫星地表温度产品空值数据修复方法被提出,如VAN2006方法;此外,常见的三次样条插值(Cubic spline)和智能的反向传播网络(back-propagation network,BP)利用像元时间连续性原理,通过温度预测实现地表温度产品空值数据修复在理论上也是可行的。模拟不同类型的像元缺失情况分析和比较了3种方法的温度修复结果。研究表明,在空值数量较少的情况下,3种方法修复结果都比较理想,其中Cubic spline方法效果最好;随着空值数量增加,3种方法修复效果都不同程度变差,其中VAN2006衰退较缓慢,Cubic spline衰退最快;当空值数目继续增多且达到一定数量时,VAN2006仍可以较为真实的还原地表温度数据,并且优于BP,其中Cubic spline修复结果最差,难以反映实际地表温度。对14种不同空间大小空值区域实验研究进一步说明3种方法对地表温度空值修复具有可行性,但修复效果与空值区域大小无关,时间序列中空值数量是最主要的影响因素。     

欧盟、美国和日本加工农产品中农药残留评估现状

本文介绍了欧盟、美国和日本评估加工农产品中农药残留的数据要求和试验准则,以及开展膳食摄入风险评估和推荐农药最大残留限量(MRL)的方法,汇总了用于农药残留评估的加工农产品及其分类,分析了加工农产品中农药MRL制定现状,为进一步提高我国相关领域技术提供借鉴。比较分析结果表明,欧盟和美国在农药登记资料要求中明确提出了加工试验数据要求并且制定了相应的试验准则,美国在试验准则中描述了加工农产品中农药MRL的推荐原则;美国和日本制定了一定数量的加工农产品中农药MRL,欧盟建立了适用于监管农药MRL的加工因子数据库;欧盟、美国和日本均在相关法规中规定了加工农产品中农药残留的合规性判定。