动物饲料中有害微生物的快速检测方法

饲料中有害微生物病原体的污染影响着饲料全球化自由贸易的发展和动物食品的安全,并成为关注的焦点。主要介绍了饲料中有害微生物的危害及其快速检测方法,为了更好地控制饲料生产和销售全过程的安全,从饲料生产的源头控制有害微生物对动物的危害,进而减少有害微生物通过动物进入人的食物链。     

Development of Researching the Synthetical Application of Compound Microorganisms

This article summarized that compound microorganisms had many advantages compared with single strain such as symbiosis, co prosperity co culture, so it can cut down the cost, unchain the feedback repression in fermentation and improve the efficiency of production. It described the resources, constitutes and physiological characteristics of compound microorganisms with examples, which displayed its superiority farther. It is showed that the application of compound microorganisms to the agriculture,industry,medicine and environment variable analyzed etc. The problems lying in the application of the compound microorganisms technology and some views on solving these problems. Compound microorganisms are expected to serve all the fields more and achieve more economic and social efficiency.     

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms associated with the rhizosphere of mangroves in a semiarid coastal lagoon

 The phosphate-solubilizing potential of the rhizosphere microbial community in mangroves was demonstrated when culture media supplemented with insoluble, tribasic calcium phosphate, and incubated with roots of black (Avicennia germinans L.) and white [Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.] mangrove became transparent after a few days of incubation. Thirteen phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of both species of mangroves: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Paenibacillus macerans, Vibrio proteolyticus, Xanthobacter agilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter taylorae, Enterobacter asburiae, Kluyvera cryocrescens, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Chryseomonas luteola. One bacterial isolate could not be identified. The rhizosphere of black mangroves also yielded the fungus Aspergillus niger. The phosphate-solubilizing activity of the isolates was first qualitatively evaluated by the formation of halos (clear zones) around the colonies growing on solid medium containing tribasic calcium phosphate as a sole phosphorus source. Spectrophotometric quantification of phosphate solubilization showed that all bacterial species and A. niger solubilized insoluble phosphate well in a liquid medium, and that V. proteolyticus was the most active solubilizing species among the bacteria. Gas chromatographic analyses of cell-free spent culture medium from the various bacteria demonstrated the presence of 11 identified, and several unidentified, volatile and nonvolatile organic acids. Those most commonly produced by different species were lactic, succinic, isovaleric, isobutyric, and acetic acids. Most of the bacterial species produced more than one organic acid whereas A. niger produced only succinic acid. We propose the production of organic acids by these mangrove rhizosphere microorganisms as a possible mechanism involved in the solubilization of insoluble calcium phosphate. Received: 21 April 1999     

根分泌物对根际微生物生态分布的影响

本文从根分泌概念着手 ,依据近 2 0年来国内外有关根分泌研究的一些成果 ,就根分泌物的概念、产生机制进行了综合论述 ,并重点讨论了植物根分泌物对根际微生物代谢、生态分布、病原微生物抑制作用的影响以及土壤环境对根分泌物的影响。     

共附生海洋微生物抗菌活性物质的研究

随着抗生素的广泛使用,微生物的抗药性逐渐增强.与此同时,环境污染的加剧,社会和人文的变迁,使人类的免疫力不断下降,新的致病菌和条件致病菌不断出现,这些已经成为严重的社会问题.解决问题的最有效办法就是加大力度,筛选开发新的抗生素.海洋拥有独特的生境条件,已成为新抗生素的重要来源.海洋微生物中共附生微生物具有独特的特点,已逐渐成为研究的焦点.     

三种土壤微生物总DNA提取方法的比较

本文对3种常用的土壤微生物总DNA提取方法Martin法、高盐改进法及试剂盒法进行了比较,并通过DNA得率、纯度及16S rDNA V3可变区的PCR扩增结合DGGE法（denatumg gradient gel electrophoresis）,分别对3种方法进行评价。结果表明,3种方法提取的DNA均能满足土壤微生物多样性分析的要求。其中试剂盒方法操作简单,提取的DNA质量较高,但DNA得率较低且成本昂贵。Martin法和高盐改进法用时较长,DNA得率较高,纯度较低,但对后续PCR扩增和DGGE分析没有明显影响,且成本低廉。     

Long‐term effects of fertilization on some soil properties under rainfed soybean‐wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas

This study aims to examine the effects of long‐term fertilization and cropping on some chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in a 32 y old long‐term fertility experiment at Almora (Himalayan region, India) under rainfed soybean‐wheat rotation. Continuous annual application of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and 10 Mg ha^–1 FYM on fresh‐weight basis (NPK + FYM) to soybean (Glycine max L.) sustained not only higher productivity of soybean and residual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop, but also resulted in build‐up of total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, P, and K. Concentration of SOC increased by 40% and 70% in the NPK + FYM–treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha^–1) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha^–1), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean was 29% and that from wheat was 24% of the harvestable aboveground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment from initial soil in the 0–15 cm layer were 4362 and 333 kg C ha^–1, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was observed that the soils under the unfertilized control, NK and N + FYM treatments, suffered a net annual loss of 5.1, 5.2, and 15.8 kg P ha^–1, respectively, whereas the soils under NP, NPK, and NPK + FYM had net annual gains of 25.3, 18.8, and 16.4 kg P ha^–1, respectively. There was net negative K balance in all the treatments ranging from 6.9 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in NK to 82.4 kg ha^–1 y^–1 in N + FYM–treated plots. The application of NPK + FYM also recorded the highest levels of soil microbial‐biomass C, soil microbial‐biomass N, populations of viable and culturable soil microbes.     

恩诺沙星对小型模型水生态系统中底泥微生物的影响

兽药在环境中的行为及其生态效应已成为目前生态毒理学研究的热点之一。恩诺沙星是畜禽养殖业中广泛应用的抗菌药物,它可随畜禽排泄物进入环境,对环境生物产生影响。为对恩诺沙星的生态安全评价提供依据,利用小型模型水生态系统研究了恩诺沙星在其中的降解及其对底泥微生物数量的影响,于室外大棚以自然发生法构建了小型模型水生态系统（水生微宇宙）,培育2个月待其稳定后用于试验研究。试验设恩诺沙星0．02、0．05、O．1、0．2和0．5mg·L^-1 5个浓度系列,1个空白对照。结果表明,试验初期恩诺沙星在模型水生生态系统中的消失速度很快,随时间推移消失速度逐步减慢,并且在低浓度时维持较长的时间;初始浓度越高,恩诺沙星在低浓度时维持的时间越久。在试验浓度范围内,恩诺沙星对淤泥中的好氧细菌、真菌、放线菌、氨化细菌和硝化细菌的数量均无显著影响。     

番茄灰霉病菌拮抗菌的筛选和应用

采集番茄等蔬菜叶、根和土壤样本 1 82份 ,分离获得对番茄灰霉病菌 (Botrytiscinerea Pers.)有抑制作用的拮抗菌5 8株。其中拮抗细菌 5 4株 ,占 93 .1 % ,且多为芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus) ;拮抗真菌中木霉 (Trichoderma)和粘帚霉 (Gliocladium)各 1株。根据抑菌圈法测定 ,拮抗细菌对灰霉菌的拮抗能力有显著差异 ,其中芽孢杆菌 Y2 - 1 1 - 1 菌株拮抗性最强且稳定。试验表明 :Y2 - 1 1 - 1 悬浮液对番茄灰霉病有较好的防治效果 ,室内叶片和果实的防效分别为 69.9%和 78.2 % ;大棚内对果腐的防效 ,喷施 1次与 2次的分别为 61 .7%～ 72 .1 %和 76.6%～ 85 .3 % ,明显优于 5 0 %速克灵 (2 0 0 0倍稀释液 )。     

养猪场粪污水生物处理工艺技术研究

通过对粪污水进行分离、沉淀、曝气、生物滤池和添加微生物菌群有机物的降解对比试验，优选出了一套工艺流程，并在北京东广德猪场进行了工程实践。结果表明，优选出的以生物滤池为主的好氧生物处理工艺降解效率高、设备投资少、运行费用低且管理方便。高速生物滤池的降解率可达90％以上，整个污水处理系统有机物的降解率达到93%～97％。从系统运行水质监测结果来看，在保证粪污水全面实现达标排放和猪粪(渣)无害化处理的前提下，这种处理工艺将各个单一处理技术有机地结合起来，形成一种综合处理与利用的系统工程，达到经济、社会、生态效益的高度统一。