低温生活污水生物处理研究

[目的]针对当前寒冷地区生活污水处理现状,研究利用耐冷微生物进行低温生活污水的处理.[方法]从城市生活污水厂筛选出3株有较高COD降解效率的耐冷菌,组成复合菌群,用以处理低温生活污水.[结果]在低温条件下(10℃),三株耐冷菌有较高的COD去除功能,降解效率可达40;以上,且对温度变化的适应能力也较强.组合成的复合菌群,有助于提高生物处理的能力,其COD去除效率比单菌可提高10;～20;.[结论]耐冷微生物复合菌群在低温条件下有较好的COD处理能力,在低温生活污水生物处理方面具有较好的应用前景.     

舟山海域海泥细菌的分离及抗水产病原弧菌的筛选

采集中国东海舟山海域海底不同层次9个海泥样品,通过稀释培养分离纯化得到海洋细菌78株。采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定上述分离所得海洋细菌对鳗弧菌、溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、创伤弧菌、费氏弧菌等5种水产病害常见病原弧菌的抑制作用,获得具有抑弧菌作用的海洋细菌17株,占21.8%。其中6株菌株对费氏弧菌有明显的抑菌作用,占7.7%。7株菌株对哈维氏弧菌的抑菌作用较显著,占9.0%。2株菌株对创伤弧菌有明显的抑菌作用,占2.6%。2株菌株对溶藻弧菌和鳗弧菌显示一定的抑制作用,各占1.3%。研究结果表明：通过稀释培养法能分离到一定数量和种类的海洋细菌;来自海底泥的海洋细菌中存在较多的具有水产病原弧菌拮抗活性的菌株。     

基于层次分析法的舟山市海洋牧场选址评价

海洋牧场作为现代渔业的一种发展模式,其选址技术在整个海洋牧场建设体系中起着十分关键的作用。以舟山市海洋牧场建设规划为例,根据其不同类型的海洋牧场建设目标,在分析影响海洋牧场选址因素的基础上,采用层次分析法构建海洋牧场选址评价的层次结构模型,采用专家调查法构建判断矩阵,利用Yaahp 5.3R1软件一一计算判断矩阵,并进行一致性检验,依次按照层次单排序和总排序的顺序进行。计算得到各选址方案的权重值。结果表明,舟山市规划的4个海洋牧场选址的优劣排序依次为:马鞍列岛海洋牧场(0.289 5)、东极岛海洋牧场(0.276 6)、洋鞍—猫头洋海洋牧场(0.221 9)和岱山东部列岛海洋牧场(0.212 0)。舟山市可以优先安排资金和项目开展马鞍列岛海洋牧场和东极海洋牧场的建设工作。     

树枝发酵腐殖质肥对人面子林下土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

[目的]研究树枝发酵腐殖质肥对人面子林下土壤pH、总孔隙度、有机质含量、碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量、土壤微生物数量以及土壤酶活性的影响。[方法]以不施任何肥料为对照,对人面子林下土壤理化性质进行分析。[结果]树枝发酵腐殖质肥能增加总孔隙度,显著增加土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性,土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性呈显著正相关。[结论]施用树枝发酵腐殖质肥能提高人面子林下细菌数量与真菌数量的比值,促使土壤由真菌型向细菌型方向转化,且提高微生物数量和土壤酶活性,从而显著提高人面子林下土壤肥力,改善土壤环境。     

重金属胁迫培养对微生物生长的影响

为探究重金属胁迫对微生物生长的影响,以大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、啤酒酵母菌和链霉菌为材料,用传统微生物培养方法,研究了不同Hg2+、Cd2+、Cr6+和Pb2+浓度下4种微生物的生长状况。结果表明:低浓度重金属离子对4种微生物生长有促进作用,高浓度有抑制作用,G+较G-对Hg2+和Cd2+更为敏感;4种微生物对重金属离子的敏感性表现为链霉菌>枯草芽胞杆菌>大肠杆菌>啤酒酵母菌,对微生物毒性顺序为Hg2+>Cd2+>Cr6+>Pb2+。     

番茄灰霉病菌拮抗菌的筛选和应用

采集番茄等蔬菜叶、根和土壤样本 1 82份 ,分离获得对番茄灰霉病菌 (Botrytiscinerea Pers.)有抑制作用的拮抗菌5 8株。其中拮抗细菌 5 4株 ,占 93 .1 % ,且多为芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus) ;拮抗真菌中木霉 (Trichoderma)和粘帚霉 (Gliocladium)各 1株。根据抑菌圈法测定 ,拮抗细菌对灰霉菌的拮抗能力有显著差异 ,其中芽孢杆菌 Y2 - 1 1 - 1 菌株拮抗性最强且稳定。试验表明 :Y2 - 1 1 - 1 悬浮液对番茄灰霉病有较好的防治效果 ,室内叶片和果实的防效分别为 69.9%和 78.2 % ;大棚内对果腐的防效 ,喷施 1次与 2次的分别为 61 .7%～ 72 .1 %和 76.6%～ 85 .3 % ,明显优于 5 0 %速克灵 (2 0 0 0倍稀释液 )。     

数据库技术在海洋生物资源与生物栖息环境数据管理中的应用

讨论了如何建立和管理符合地理信息系统需要的海洋生物资源与生物栖息环境数据库。数据库采用Access开发平台，开发操作界面清晰明了，开发的功能有数据录入、导入、导出、查询、修改、汇总统计、打印等，系统界面用户可视化，清晰、直观地显示查询结果，其适用范围是针对海上勘测海洋生物资源与生物栖息环境的专业数据管理，能胜任数据库的日常维护与管理。同时介绍了数据库技术在数据管理中的作用。数据库在日后的海洋渔业资源与环境的研究、评价中必将得到广泛的应用。     

控制我国海洋捕捞强度所面临的问题与对策探讨

削减过剩的捕捞能力已成为世界渔业管理面临的一大任务大陆0年代以后我国的海洋捕捞强度迅速增长，主要是：捕捞效率高的渔具渔法迅速增长，海洋机动渔船数量和功率膨胀，渔民数量迅速上升，为控制捕捞强度，我国逐步采用了一些渔业管理措施，然而效果不明显，本文将从以下几方面分析我国控制海洋捕捞强度所面临的问题：1、我国渔业管理措施的局限性；2、渔区产业结构单一；3、大量“非渔业劳动力”入渔；为解决以上问题，本文提出了以下几点建议；1、调整渔业产业结构；2、严格执行国家海洋捕捞强度控制指标。3、实施渔船报废制度与赎买计划；4、加快实施捕捞限额制度；5、发展渔民组织。     

A Review on Decaffeination of Tea Products

Since caffeine possesses some well-unknown adverse effects,many attempts have been conducted to remove it from tea products,including selective extraction with different solvents,enzymatic degradation and inhibition the caffeine synthesis pathway.Reports showed that caffeine can be safely and efficiently removed from fresh tea leaves by hot water blanching,however this approach is not suitable for treating the rolled or dried leaves because of the unavoidable loss of catechins.Although microwave-enhanced vacuum ice water extraction can be used for decaffeination of dried tea,time consumption seems to be the main shortage of this method.Liquefied dimethyl ether might be used as another alternative solvent for selective extraction of caffeine from tea products because of its low toxicity and residum,but its decaffeination efficiency needs to be verified furthermore.It has been proved that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an effective approach for removing caffeine from different types of tea products,while the application of the technique is always limited as its expensive equipments and high running costs.Decaffeination with microbe incubation or enzymatic digestion is highly hopeful since many studies showed that some microorganisms can degrade the caffeine through induced demethylase and oxidase under gentle condition in some model systems,unfortunately,this approach is far away from application since security and quality of the decaffeinated products are rarely concerned.Low-caffeine tea products can be easily produced through normal manufacture by using the leaves harvested from some low-caffeine cultivars which are derived through genetic modification or conventional breeding,but these germplasms are very limited.     

A chronic oral toxicity study of marine collagen peptides preparation from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) skin using Sprague-Dawley rat

Due to the increased consumption of marine collagen peptides preparation (MCP) as ingredients in functional foods and pharmaceuticals, it was necessary to carry out safety requirements in the form of an oral chronic toxicity assessment. In order to define the oral chronic toxicity of MCP, a 24-month feeding study of MCP was carried out. Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats at the age of four-week of both sexes were treated with MCP at the diet concentrations of 0%, 2.25%, 4.5%, 9% and 18% (wt/wt). The actual food intake and bodyweight of the individual animals were recorded periodically until sacrifice. Blood and urine samples were collected for serum chemistry evaluations and urinalysis. Throughout the experimental period, there was no toxicologically significant difference between the vehicle and MCP-treated animals with respect to the survival rate, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, clinical biochemistry parameter and relative organ weight in either sex. Moreover, incidences of non-neoplastic lesions in MCP-treated groups did not significantly increase compared with the control group. Under the present experimental conditions, no higher risk of chronic toxic effects was observed in MCP-treated rats at the diet concentrations of 2.25%, 4.5%, 9% and 18% (wt/wt) than in the rats fed with basal rodent diet.