Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead

Petrosky CE, Schaller HA. Influence of river conditions during seaward migration and ocean conditions on survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 520–536. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Improved understanding of the relative influence of ocean and freshwater factors on survival of at‐risk anadromous fish populations is critical to success of conservation and recovery efforts. Abundance and smolt to adult survival rates of Snake River Chinook salmon and steelhead decreased dramatically coincident with construction of hydropower dams in the 1970s. However, separating the influence of ocean and freshwater conditions is difficult because of possible confounding factors. We used long time‐series of smolt to adult survival rates for Chinook salmon and steelhead to estimate first year ocean survival rates. We constructed multiple regression models that explained the survival rate patterns using environmental indices for ocean conditions and in‐river conditions experienced during seaward migration. Survival rates during the smolt to adult and first year ocean life stages for both species were associated with both ocean and river conditions. Best‐fit, simplest models indicate that lower survival rates for Chinook salmon are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity during the smolt migration or multiple passages through powerhouses at dams. Similarly, lower survival rates for steelhead are associated with warmer ocean conditions, reduced upwelling in the spring, and with slower river velocity and warmer river temperatures. Given projections for warming ocean conditions, a precautionary management approach should focus on improving in‐river migration conditions by increasing water velocity, relying on increased spill, or other actions that reduce delay of smolts through the river corridor during their seaward migration.     

Diurnal Vertical Migrations of Meiofauna in an Estuarine Sand Flat

Diurnal vertical migrations of meiofauna were observed in an estuarine sand flat and these were related primarily to desiccation and temperature. The migrations, which occurred in the top 10 cm of the sediment, had a mean range of 5 cm and were most strongly exhibited by the interstitial flatworms, polychaetes and oligochaetes, followed by the nematodes and harpacticoid copepods. It is concluded that vertical migrations are restricted to areas experiencing some degree of desiccation and would not be significant in waterlogged areas such as mud flats.     

作物根际和叶围中产几丁质酶微生物的分布及其抑制真菌作用

从几十种作物的根际和叶围分离获得３５０株微生物，其中细菌和放线菌分别为２００株和１５０株。对所有这些分离物进行了抑制真菌试验和几丁质酶活性测定。在抑菌试验中，以棉花枯萎病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌，及西瓜枯萎病菌作为供试病原菌，有９６个分离物对其中的一种或一种以上的病原菌有抑制作用，其中１８个分离物对这４种病原菌都具有强烈的抑制作用。在几丁质酶活性方面，１０％的细菌和４０％的放线菌都能不同程度地产生几丁质酶。有些菌株几丁质酶活性强，抑菌作用也明显，有些菌株几丁质酶活性弱，抑菌作用弱或无作用，少数菌株几丁质酶活性强，但却无抑菌作用。用几丁质酶液处理病原菌孢子，其萌发率和芽管长度比对照显著降低     

The whole amino acid profile as indicator of the nutritional condition in cultured marine fish larvae

The effect of variations in the amount or quality of food provided on the amino acid profile of larvae, was tested in two marine fish species, the Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) and the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The objective was to assess whether such nutritionally suboptimum dietary patterns, which simulate situations that may occur in hatcheries, result in variations in the concentration of one or more amino acids that could be used as indicators of nutritional condition of larvae. Restriction in the normal food ration by 60% had no clear effect on the amino acid profile of sea bass, while the concentration of some amino acids (Arg, Ala and Phe) showed significant variations in sole. Feeding on artificial diets, which have shown their inadequacy a priori, resulted also in no significant effect on the profile of sea bass, but in a dramatic modification of the amino acid profile in sole. In addition, changes in the amino acid profiles considered as a whole were evaluated using the cluster analysis instead of paired comparisons between amino acid concentrations in each treatment. The analysis clearly separated profiles of larvae fed restrictedly or inadequately from their controls, irrespective of the species. This demonstrated the potential value of evaluating whole changes in amino acid profile as nutritional indicator. Besides, it was demonstrated that sensitivity of larvae to nutritional changes that may be reflected in the amino acid profile is greatly conditioned by the species and developmental stage.     

木霉菌和番茄叶表主要微生物间关系

对番茄叶表分离到的几种真菌和木霉菌BTW41(T.atroviride)之间相互关系作了初步研究,研究发现木霉菌具有较强的营养竞争能力,几种叶面真菌和木霉菌混合处理叶片试验中,黑曲霉菌混合木霉菌的处理会影响木霉菌在番茄叶表的定殖,使木霉菌在番茄叶表的定殖量减少,而其它几种真菌未使木霉菌定殖量减少。     

Logistic方程在微生物分批培养动力学中的应用

将生态学领域中的Iogistic方程引入微生物动力学的研究中，建立了3个分别基于Monod方程、Herbert方程和Logistic方程的关于培养基中的微生物浓度(χ)和底物浓度(s)的模型以形成对照．同时建立了基于Logistic方程的关于微生物浓度(χ)和时间(t)的模型．这些均采用实验数据拟合以证明其精确性．该工作有助于研究微生物生长特性，同时有助于进一步地研究可生化降解的有机物在水体的微生物作用下的氧化分解过程，建立新的河流、湖泊、水库等生物学水质模型．本研究中采用的数值方法是非线性最小二乘法、Interior-reflective Newton算法．在Lorynebacterium glutamicum分批培养和Pseudomonas sp．分批培养中，基于Logistic方程的χ-s模型拟合的相关系数分别是0.9940和0．9867，在Pseudomonas sp．分批培养中，z-t模型拟合的相关系数是0．9972。     

Assessment of Rhizospheric Microorganisms of Transgenic Populus tomentosa with Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor (CpTI) Gene

To have a preliminary insight into biosafety of genetically transformed hybrid triploid poplars (Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. tomentosa with the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, two layers of rhizospheric soil (from 0 to 20 cm deep and from 20 to 40 cm deep, respectively) were collected for microorganism culture, counting assay and PCR analysis to assess the poten-tial impact of transgenic poplars on non-target microorganism population and transgene dispersal. When the same soil layer of suspension stock solution was diluted at both 1:1 000 and 1:10 000 rates, there were no significant differences in bacterium colony numbers between the inoculation plates of both transgenic and non-transgenic poplars. The uniform results were revealed for both soil layer suspension solutions of identical poplars at both dilution rates except for non-transgenic poplars at 1:10 000 dilution rates from the same type of soil. No significant variation in morphology of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed under the microscope. The potential transgene dispersal from root exudates or fallen leaves to non-target microbes was repudiated by PCR analysis, in which no CpTI gene specific DNA band was amplified for 15 sites of transgenic rhizospheric soil samples. It can be concluded that transgenic poplar with the CpTI gene has no severe impact on rhizospheric microorganisms and is tentatively safe to surrounding soil micro-ecosystem.     

森林土壤标准物质的研究——样品的采集、制备与均匀度、稳定性检验

本文报道了按照森林土壤标准物质要求采集的二个土壤样品（碱性土－碱灰性褐土；酸性土－黄红壤）和一个植物样品（杉木叶）的制备过程，粒径2mm的土壤样品采用Y型混样，0．149mm的土壤和0．177mm的植物样品采用高铝瓷球磨制备，土壤样品用高湿灭活，植物样品用^60Co辐射灭活，在二年测定标准样品稳定性和同时进行标准样品中微生物类群和数量的分析。土壤、植物标准样品的均匀性和稳定性采用数理统计方法检验，其结果均达到标准物质要求。     

有效微生物群对生活污水中有机物的降解能力研究

采用正交试验方法．研究了有效微生物群（简称EM）对生活污水中有机物的降解能力．结果表明：EM能去除生活污水中的有机物，且在水温为25℃,水力停留时间（HRT）为48h，台液加入量（VEM／V污水）为1／104，曝气时间为HRT／3，进水PH值为8．0时处理效果最佳．在此最佳处理条件下，测定了污水中BOD5，CODcr随时问的变化情况，并与不加EM的测定结果进行了比较，加EM的污水中有机物去除率大大增加，2d后接近最高值并趋于稳定．EM在处理生活污水方面的优势是：较少或不产生污泥，曝气时间短，但如果要较好地应用于生活污水治理，必须提高污水中的EM浓度．