高氮和低氮条件下玉米穗位叶持绿性状的QTL定位

【目的】玉米叶片持绿性与籽粒产量、品质性状密切相关,本研究利用单片段代换系群体,对高氮和低氮条件下的玉米穗位叶持绿性状进行了QTL定位,旨在为持绿相关基因的精细定位以及克隆相关主效QTL奠定基础。【方法】以氮效率差异显著的两个亲本许178和综3构建的172个玉米单片段代换系为研究材料,采用完全随机区组设计,在高氮(N 240 kg/hm^2)和低氮(N 75 kg/hm^2)条件下,进行了两年大田试验。以吐丝后第10天穗位叶的SPAD值作为玉米持绿性的表型值,根据代换系与亲本许178表型值的T-test结果,利用该群体的SSR遗传图谱,在P <0.01条件下定位持绿性状的QTL。【结果】在基因组范围内,两个氮水平下共定位53个穗位叶持绿QTL (贡献率为–2.45%～–22.65%)。上述QTL在玉米的10条染色体上均有分布,其中以第1染色体上检测到的数量最多(14个),第7染色体上检测到的数量最少(1个)。高氮条件下检测的QTL为29个,6个在两年试验条件下被重复检测,分别为qhnSG1d、qhnSG2a、qhnSG3a、qhnSG4a、qhnSG8b和qhnSG10c,其中qhnSG8b和qhnSG10c为高氮特异QTL,两年内QTL的贡献率分别为–4.47%、–9.17%、–9.46%和–5.05%;低氮条件下检测的QTL为16个,2个QTL在两年大田环境被重复检测,分别为qlnSG1f和qlnSG2b。其中qlnSG1f为低氮特异QTL,两年内QTL贡献率分别为–9.70%和–10.85%。【结论】通过对玉米穗位叶持绿性状分析,将高氮特异持绿染色体片段定位到umc1077～umc2350区段内,低氮特异染色体片段定位到umc1013～umc2047区段内。     

Gamma‐ray spectrometry as versatile tool in soil science: A critical review

Gamma‐ray spectrometry is an established method in geo‐sciences. This article gives an overview on fundamentals of gamma‐ray spectrometry that are relevant to soil science including basic technical aspects, and discusses influencing factors, inconsistencies, limitations, and open questions related to the method. Gamma‐ray spectrometry relies on counting gamma quanta during radionuclide decay of ⁴⁰K, ²³⁸U, and ²³²Th, but secular equilibrium for the decay series of U and Th must be given as decays of their respective daughter radionuclides are used for determination. Secular equilibrium for U and Th decay series, however, is not always given leading to, e.g., anomalies in U concentration measurements. For soil science, gamma‐ray spectrometry is of specific value since it does not only detect a signal from the landscape surface, but integrates information over a certain volume. Besides, different spatial scales can be covered using either ground‐based or airborne sensing techniques. Together with other remote sensing methods, gamma signatures can provide completive information for understanding land forming processes and soil properties distributions. At first, signals depend on bedrock composition. The signals are in second order altered by weathering processes leading to more interpretation opportunities and challenges. Due to their physico‐chemical properties, radionuclides behave differently in soils and their properties can be distinguished via the resulting signatures. Hence, gamma signatures of soils are specific for local environments. Processes like soil erosion can superimpose gamma signals from in situ weathering. Soil mappings, available K and texture determination, or peat and soil erosion mapping are possible applications being discussed in this review.     

Unconditional and Conditional QTL Mapping for Tiller Numbers at Various Stages with Single Segment Substitution Lines in Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Tiller is one of the most important agronomic traits which influences quantity and quality of effective panicles and finally influences yield in rice. It is important to understand ＂static＂ and ＂dynamic＂ information of the QTLs for tillers in rice. This work was the first time to simultaneously map unconditional and conditional QTLs for tiller numbers at various stages by using single segment substitution lines in rice. Fourteen QTLs for tiller number, distributing on the corresponding substitution segments of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 were detected. Both the number and the effect of the QTLs for tiller number were various at different stages, from 6 to 9 in the number and from 1.49 to 3.49 in the effect, respectively. Tiller number QTLs expressed in a time order, mainly detected at three stages of 0-7 d, 14-21 d and 35-42 d after transplanting with 6 positive, 9 random and 6 negative expressing QTLs, respectively. Each of the QTLs expressed one time at least during the whole duration of rice. The tiller number at a specific stage was determined by sum of QTL effects estimated by the unconditional method, while the increasing or decreasing number in a given time interval was controlled by the total of QTL effects estimated by the conditional method. These results demonstrated that it is highly effective and accurate for mapping of the QTLs by using single segment substitution lines and the conditional analysis methodology.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci for β-glucan concentration in barley grain

The amount of (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β-d glucan (β-glucan) accumulated in cell walls of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) kernel is an important determinant for grain end-use. Grain β-glucan concentration is affected by environmental and genetic factors and usually varies from 3 to 6%. In this study, we have analyzed the β-glucan trait in a doubled-haploid (DH) population of 170 lines grown in three separate field trials. Most of the DH lines showed β-glucan values that ranged from that of the low β-glucan parent (cultivar CDC Bold; 3.3%) to that of the high β-glucan parent (breeding line TR251; 5.4%). Eighty-eight lines of the DH population were genotyped using simple sequence repeat (SSR), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and diversity array technology (DArT) markers, which were subsequently integrated into a barley genetic map spanning 1059 cM. Interval mapping and multiple-QTL-mapping (MQM) of quantitative trait loci (QTL) from the three trials indicated seven genomic regions associated with low grain β-glucan concentration. For all putative QTLs, the low β-glucan concentration was contributed by alleles from CDC Bold except for two loci on chromosomes 5H that were derived from TR251. A major QTL located to the centromere region of chromosome 7H was identified by both mapping methods for all three trials. The 7H QTL explained up to 39% of the β-glucan concentration and genetic markers associated with the locus may be used to aid selection of high and low β-glucan barley lines.     

水稻单穗重和千粒重的QTL定位

用基于混合线性模型的统计方法对一套来源于亲本IR64/Azucena的加倍单倍体群体在两个生产季节的水稻单穗重和千粒重进行了分析,各检测到15个QTL分别控制这两个性状,其中有6个QTL同时与这两个性状有关。所有QTL分布在除第11、12染色体以外的其余10条染色体的相应标记区间内。在控制千粒重的QTL中,12个QTL有加性效应,6对QTL带有加加上位性效应,它们不受环境条件的影响。在控制单穗重的QTL中,7个QTL具有加性效应,但其中4个QTL的表达随环境而异;6对QTL具有加加上位性,但其中1对对环境敏感。qTGW2的加性效应对千粒重的贡献率超过10%;3个QTL（qGW1、qGW7和 qGW8 1）在早季环境的加性效应对单穗重的贡献率亦都大于10%,但对环境敏感。     

小麦EST-SSRs分子标记的特性及其遗传作图

为了解普通小麦EST来源的微卫星的多样性,从大约1 000个包含微卫星的ESTs中设计了300对引物,研究和评估了它们的多态性水平,并且将多态性标记加入到现有的遗传图谱中.在五种不同类型的重复单元中,三个碱基的重复单元出现最多,占到77%.几乎所有的EST SSRs标记(99.3%)的重复单元都含有G-C碱基对.37.4%的微卫星都是四次重复.对于扩增和多态性,300对引物中有60对没有扩增,21.3%的扩增引物没能产生预期的扩增片断.58%的标记至少在所用8个材料的一个中显示出多态性.W7984和Opata组合表现出最高的多态性水平.大多数普通小麦EST-SSRs标记的重复次数小于10,并且4次重复是最为普遍的.81个新的EST-SSR位点被添加到两个已有的参照遗传图谱中(62个加到ITMI,19个加到CTCS).研究结果表明小麦EST-SSRs标记展示了一些不同于基因组微卫星的特异特征,在标记发展和其他遗传应用中,这就使得它们能够成为一种非常有价值的资源.     

Genetic Analysis and Primary Mapping of pms4, a Photoperiod-Sensitive Genic Male Sterility Gene in Rice (Oryza sativa)

To understand the genetic characteristics of a new photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile line Mian 9S,some reciprocal crosses were made between Mian 9S and six indica rice materials,Yangdao 6,Luhui 602,Shuihui 527,Mianhui 725,Fuhui 838 and Yixiang 1B.Genetic analysis results suggested that the photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterility (PGMS) of Mian 9S was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene.Thus,the F2 population derived from the cross of Yangdao 6/Mian 9S was used to map the PGMS gene in Mian 9S.By using SSR markers,the PGMS gene of Mian 9S was mapped on one side of the markers,RM6659 and RM1305,on rice chromosome 4,with the genetic distances of 3.0 cM and 3.5 cM,respectively.The gene was a novel PGMS gene and designated tentatively as pros4.In addition,the application of the pros4 gene was discussed.     

区域土壤侵蚀遥感调查与制图研究——以新疆地区为例

根据土壤侵蚀的营力,强度和景观条件,划分了３级制的土壤侵蚀分类系统。利用遥感影响判读,进行了有关影响因子的解译和评价,经过必要的野外验证后,编制了土壤侵蚀类型图,查清了新疆土壤侵蚀的基本状况。