Effect of Straw Incorporation on 15N‐Labeled Ammonium Nitrogen Uptake and Rice Growth

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effect of rice straw residue on growth and uptake of added ¹⁵N‐labeled ammonium nitrogen (NH₄‐N) (3% ¹⁵N abundance at the rate of 150 kg N ha^?) by rice in Crowley silt loam soil (Typic Albaqualfs). Higher rates of rice straw addition had an adverse affect on plant growth from the first to sixth week. After 6 weeks, the high rice straw treatment had a positive effect on plant growth (P<0.05). The ¹⁵N‐labeled ammonium or fertilizer nitrogen (N) uptake by rice was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the high rice straw treatment as compared to lower rice straw treatments. Greater plant growth was recorded under alternate flooding and draining condition as compared to continuously flooded treatment (P<0.01).     

抽穗前水分供应对寒地水稻生长发育和产量的影响

以垦鉴稻5号和垦稻12号为材料,采用负压式土壤湿度计监测土壤水势,通过防雨棚内的盆栽控水试验,研究了水稻抽穗前水分供应对寒地水稻生长发育和产量的影响。研究结果表明,抽穗前进行-8～-10kPa的间歇控水处理,垦鉴稻5号的经济产量增加,垦稻12号的经济产量降低;这2品种的叶龄进程略有提前,株高增加,茎数减少。抽穗前进行-18～-20kPa和-28～-30kPa的持续控水处理,2品种的产量均极显著降低,垦鉴稻5号的叶龄进程表现先落后,后提前,垦稻12号的叶龄进程滞后,2品种的株高极显著地降低,茎数极显著减少,干物质生产量和叶面积减少。抽穗前进行-8～-10kPa的间歇控水处理可作为寒地水稻增产保优灌溉的土壤水势指标,抽穗前不宜持续进行土壤水势为-18～-20kPa以下的控水处理。     

灌溉方式和有机无机氮比例对水稻产量与水分利用的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了3种有机无机氮比例,即60%无机氮+40%有机氮（F1）、80%无机氮+20%有机氮（F2）、100%无机氮（F3）,和3种灌溉方式,即常规灌溉(FIR)、控制灌溉（CIR）和间歇灌溉(IIR),对水稻生长、产量构成、产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明,与FIR处理相比,CIR和IIR处理水稻全生育期灌水量分别下降31.3%和15.9%,但是理论产量平均分别降低31.9%和15.9%,因此水分利用效率（WUE）提高不明显。与F3相比,F1和F2的理论产量平均增加20.1%和14.2%,FIR条件下WUE分别提高37.3%和25.5%。通径分析表明,在不同灌溉方式与有机无机氮比例条件下,有效穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重仍是影响水稻产量的主要因素。主成分分析表明,在间歇灌溉条件下,在总施氮量不变时,配施40%有机氮肥可降低水稻灌水量,并适当提高水稻产量。     

氮肥后移对引黄灌区水稻产量和氮素淋溶损失的影响

通过田间小区试验研究在优化施肥条件下氮肥后移技术对引黄灌区水稻籽粒产量和氮素渗漏淋失量的影响。结果表明:与农民常规施肥处理(N300)比较,氮肥后移各处理在氮素投入降低20%的基础上水稻产量没有降低,显著提高了氮肥利用率,N240/3处理的氮肥利用率达到40.5%,比N300处理提高了8.8%。田面水中TN和NH4+浓度施肥后1～3d达到最大,而NO3-极大值出现在施肥后3～5d内,之后逐渐降低,施肥后的前9d做好水肥管理是防止氮素流失的关键时期。N300处理氮素渗漏淋失主要发生在分蘖期,氮肥后移处理主要发生在分蘖期和孕穗期,TN渗漏淋失量在29.78～44.51kg/hm2之间,N240/3处理TN淋失量比N300处理降低了33.1%;氮素淋失形态以NO3-为主,占TN淋失量的74.14%～79.44%。综合考虑水稻产量和环境效益,氮肥后移技术N240/3处理可作为一种资源节约和环境友好的施肥技术在水稻种植上应用。     

实时实地氮素管理对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

以扬两优6号和培两优3076水稻为材料,通过田间试验比较研究了基于SPAD值的氮素管理对水稻氮素吸收、产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,随着SPAD预设阈值的增加,氮肥用量增加,籽粒产量和氮素吸收也随之增加。实时氮素管理条件下,水稻扬两优6号和培两优3076均以SPAD值为41处理获得较高的籽粒产量和氮素利用率,该处理在籽粒产量不降低的同时节约了氮肥用量12. 8% ～33.3%;而实地氮素管理条件下,水稻扬两优6号和培两优3076均以SPAD值为39～41处理获得较高的籽粒产量和氮素利用率,该处理在籽粒产量不降低的同时节约了23.1%的氮肥用量。鉴于实地氮素管理在田间易于操作,因此建议采用39～41作为水稻关键生育期指导氮肥施用的SPAD阈值。     

Availability of Lead and Cadmium in Farmland Soil and Its Distribution in Individual Plants of Dry‐Seeded Rice

Abstract

Availability of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in farmland soils and its distribution in individual plants of dry‐seeded rice were investigated utilizing graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) with a matrix modification technique. Five extractants were compared, and the operating conditions for GFAAS were optimized. The detection limits were 4.2 ng for Pb with the precision of 1.54% and 0.1 ng for Cd with the precision of 2.38%. The contents of the extractable Pb and Cd in soils were determined with the five extractants, and availability of Pb and Cd in farmland soil was discussed. The contents of Pb and Cd in different parts of dry‐seeded rice were lower than those in dry‐seeded rice soil. The contents of Pb and Cd in rice were lower than in other parts. The end top leaves accumulated the highest amounts of Pb and Cd.     

Coal Fly Ash and Phospho‐gypsum Mixture as an Amendment to Improve Rice Paddy Soil Fertility

Abstract

Rice is a plant that requires high levels of silica (Si). As a silicate (SiO₂) source to rice, coal fly ash (hereafter, fly ash), which has an alkaline pH and high available silicate and boron (B) contents, was mixed with phosphor‐gypsum (hereafter, gypsum, 50%, wt wt^?1), a by‐product from the production of phosphate fertilizer, to improve the fly ash limitation. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of the mixture on soil properties and rice (Oryza sativa) productivity in silt loam (SiL) and loamy sand (LS) soils to which 0 (FG 0), 20 (FG 20), 40 (FG 40), and 60 (FG 60) Mg ha^?1 were added. The mixture increased the amount of available silicate and exchangeable calcium (Ca) contents in the soils and the uptake of silicate by rice plant. The mixture did not result in accumulation of heavy metals in soil and an excessive uptake of heavy metals by the rice grain. The available boron content in soil increased with the mixture application levels up to 1.42 mg kg^?1 following the application of 60 Mg ha^?1 but did not show toxicity. The mixture increased significantly rice yield and showed the highest yields following the addition of 30–40 Mg ha^?1 in two soils. It is concluded that the fly ash and gypsum mixture could be a good source of inorganic soil amendments to restore the soil nutrient balance in rice paddy soil.     

Rice Yields Enhanced through Integrated Management of Cover Crops and Phosphate Rock in Phosphorus‐deficient Ultisols in West Africa

The relatively low solubility and availability of phosphorus (P) from indigenous phosphate rock could be enhanced by legumes in the acid soils of humid forest agroecosystems. Crotalaria micans L. was grown in a screenhouse without P or with P from triple superphosphate (TSP) and Malian Tilemsi Rock P. The P response of 20 cover crops was field‐evaluated using TSP and Rock P. In both experiments, the fertilized cover crops were followed by upland rice without mineral N or P application. Mean rice grain yield and agronomic residual P‐use efficiency were similar for both P sources. In the field, 1‐year fallow treatment of Canavalia ensiformis (velvet bean) supplied with Mali Rock P gave the highest rice grain yield of 3.1 Mg ha^?1, more than 180% that of 2‐year continuous unfertilized rice (cv. ‘WAB 56‐50’). Among continuous rice plots, ‘NERICA 2’ (interspecific rice) supplied with Rock P produced the highest yield (2.0 Mg ha^?1), suggesting that ‘NERICA 2’ might have greater potential to solubilize rock P. Results indicate that when combined with an appropriate legume, indigenous rock‐P can release sufficient P to meet the P requirement of the legume and a following upland rice crop in rotation.     

Effect of Continuous Rice–Wheat Rotation on Soil Properties from Four Agro‐ecosystems of Indian Punjab

In Indian Punjab, rice–wheat is a dominant cropping system in four agro‐ecosystems, namely undulating subregion (zone 1), Piedmont alluvial plains (zone 2), central alluvial plains (zone 3), and southwestern alluvial plains (zone 4), varying in rainfall and temperature. Static and temporal variabilities in soil physical and chemical properties prevail because of alluvial parent material, management/tillage operations, and duration of rice–wheat rotation. A detailed survey was undertaken to study the long‐term effect of rice–wheat rotation on soil physical (soil separates, bulk density, modulus of rupture, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities, soil water content, and suction relations) and chemical (organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity) properties of different textured soils (sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam) in these four zones of Punjab. Soil samples (of 0‐ to 30‐cm depth) from 45 sites were collected during 2006 and were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results showed that sand content and pH increased whereas silt and organic carbon decreased significantly from zones 1 to 4. Compared to other textures, significantly greater organic carbon, modulus of rupture, and pH in silty clay loam; greater bulk density in clay loam, and greater saturated hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam were observed. Irrespective of zone and soil texture, in the subsurface soil, there was a hard pan at 15–22.5 cm deep, which had high soil bulk density, modulus of rupture, more silt and clay contents (by 3–5%) and less organic carbon and hydraulic conductivity than the surface (0–15 cm) layer. These properties deteriorated with fineness of the soil texture and less organic carbon content. Continuous rice–wheat cropping had a deleterious effect on many soil properties. Many of these soils would benefit from the addition of organic matter, and crop yields may also be affected by the distinct hardpan that exists between 15 and 22.5 cm deep.     

基于SHAP重要性排序和机器学习算法的灌区渠道调度流量预测

渠道泄水闸能够快速排除灌区入渠洪水,避免渠道漫顶。研究以淠史杭灌区灌口集泄水闸为例,以闸门调度流量为目标变量,以不同时段过去和未来降雨量、泄水闸闸上实时水位及其变化量为特征变量,比较8种机器学习算法的预测精度,同时采用Shapley Additive exPlanations（SHAP）法分析特征变量重要性。结果表明：1）集成学习算法预测评价指标优于传统回归算法,8种机器学习算法中随机森林回归（random forest regression, RFR）算法预测精度最高（训练集均方根误差、平均绝对误差、均方误差及决定系数分别为 0.146 m³/s、0.094 m³/s、0.021 m³/s、0.976;测试集分别为0.306 m³/s、0.197 m³/s、0.093 m³/s、0.931）;2）采用SHAP法确定的特征变量重要性排序表明灌口集泄水闸闸上水位对于泄水闸调度流量的预测结果影响最大,占特征重要性值总和的34.6%;3）以过去6 h降雨量、过去9 h降雨量、未来6 h降雨量、灌口集泄水闸闸上水位作为输入变量的RFR算法预测灌口集泄水闸调度流量效果最佳,模型误差指标为（训练集均方根误差、平均绝对误差、均方误差及决定系数分别为0.126 m³/s、0.080 m³/s、0.016 m³/s、0.982;测试集分别为0.263 m³/s、0.164 m³/s、0.069 m³/s、0.950）,研究结果对灌区防洪调度决策具有重要参考价值。