Identification and characterization of quantitative trait loci related to lodging resistance and associated traits in bread wheat

Lodging is a major constraint to increasing yield in many crops, but is of particular importance in the small‐grained cereals. This study investigated the genetic control of lodging and component traits in wheat through the detection of underlying quantitative trait loci (QTL), The analysis was based on the identification of genomic regions which affect various traits related to lodging resistance in a population of 96‐doubled haploid lines of the cross ‘Milan’בCatbird’, mapped using 126‐microsatellite markers. Although major genes related to plant height (Rht genes) were responsible for increasing lodging resistance in this cross, several other traits independent of plant height were shown to be important such as fool and shoot traits, and various components of plant yield. Yield components such as grain number and weight were shown to be an indicator of plant susceptibility to lodging. QTL for lodging and associated traits were found on chromosomes IB, ID. 2B. 2D. 4B, 4D. 6D and 7D. QTL for yield and associated traits were identified on chromosomes IB, ID. 2A. 2B. 2D. 4D and 6A,     

甘蓝型油菜主茎显微结构与抗倒性关系的初步研究

以3个甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,分析了抗倒与不抗倒油菜主茎的显微结构及N、P、K对中等抗倒油菜主茎显微结构的影响,结果表明：抗倒品种‘中双9号’主茎纵向木质部细胞排列比较整齐,细胞排列方式呈与主茎平行状态的线形分布,横向的多数皮层细胞的长宽比大于2,且排列比较紧凑而有序,维管柱的射线贯穿形成层;而抗倒性一般的材料XYY2,其木质部细胞纵向排列存在多数不规则现象,横向的多数皮层细胞的长宽比小于2,且排列比较杂乱,维管柱的射线与形成层外细胞的连贯性差。全面施用N、P、K有利于皮层角质层产生,从而提高茎秆的抗倒性。     

液体硅钾肥对杂交晚稻抗倒伏性和物质生产的影响初探?

为指导水稻高产栽培和液体硅钾肥推广应用提供理论依据和技术支持,以杂交晚稻‘C两优396’为材料,研究了液体硅钾肥对水稻单株抗折力、干物质生产以及结实率的影响,结果表明：施用液体硅钾肥后基部第1、第2节间长度缩短,穗颈节间长度拉长,提高水稻植株单株抗折力,降低倒伏指数,以施3000 mL/hm2处理倒伏指数最低(5.33);液体硅钾在提高植株生物产量的同时,加快了穗部物质转移,提高了灌浆速度,施用液体硅钾肥后粒重和结实率均得到提高,以3000 mL/hm2最高。综合抗倒性、干物质积累、结实率等因素,超级杂交晚稻‘C两优396’上液体硅钾肥的最佳施用量为3000 mL/hm2。     

辽宁中部地区玉米机械粒收质量及其限制因素研究

研究和明确制约机械粒收质量的因素,对于辽宁省玉米机械粒收技术的推广和生产转型升级具有重要意义。2015-2017年在辽宁省中部的铁岭县蔡牛镇、沈北新区黄家村和海城市耿庄开展了5组玉米机械粒收试验与示范,通过对41个参试品种57个品次粒收质量指标的测试与评价,结果表明：（1）子粒破碎率均值为11.38%,5组试验均高于国家标准≤5％的要求,破碎率偏高是目前辽宁机械粒收存在的主要质量问题;（2）收获产量损失率平均为3.93%,低于国家标准≤5％要求,但不同试验组间差异较大,变幅为0.78%~12.60%,部分田块机械粒收产量损失较大;（3）57个品次样本子粒含水率与破碎率、杂质率的相关系数分别为0.596和0.454,均达到极显著水平,子粒含水率高是导致破碎率和杂质率高的重要因素;（4）产量损失主要来自落穗损失,占总损失量的63.2%~92.5%,落穗损失与植株倒伏倒折密切相关;（5）10月中下旬（10月13日至10月21日）收获,87.2%的参试品种子粒含水率可下降至25%以下,处于适宜机械粒收水分范围。本研究认为,辽宁中部地区热量资源丰富、玉米适采期长,10月中下旬收获时子粒含水率不是当前制约机械粒收质量和技术推广的首要因素,而后期茎秆衰老慢和抗玉米螟、茎腐病品种的选育,控制倒伏与落穗的技术措施应引起关注。     

江淮平原小麦主栽品种茎秆抗倒性能分析

以江淮平原8个小麦主栽品种为材料,分析不同品种的茎秆抗倒性能及其产量。结果表明,烟农19,郑麦004,平安6号和周麦22在全生育期内未发生倒伏,偃展4110,新麦18和皖麦50在乳熟期发生1度（茎秆与地面夹角为75°~45°）轻微倒伏,而皖麦19在乳熟期发生2度（茎秆与地面夹角为45°~20°）倒伏,倒伏率为17.62%。皖麦19的株高、重心高度、基部节间长度及其干物质输出率均高于未倒伏品种和轻微倒伏品种,不利于其抗倒伏。烟农19的株高和重心高度适中,基部节间机械强度较大,干物质在乳熟前输出较慢,乳熟后迅速分解输出,有利于茎秆抗倒和产量提高。因此,江淮平原兼顾高产和抗倒的小麦品种为烟农19和周麦22。     

基于生物炭添加的控制灌排对水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响

为探究生物炭施加后控制灌排对水稻生长发育及产量的影响,于2016年在涟水县水利试验站开展了测坑试验,共设置轻旱控排W-1、重旱控排W-2两种控制灌排模式及无生物炭施加B-0、生物炭施加B-1两种生物炭施加水平,对水稻生长指标、水稻抗倒伏性能、产量指标进行了监测与分析。结果表明生物炭添加及控制灌排W-2条件下,水稻株高均得到显著提高。施加生物炭可以缩短水稻节间长度、增大茎壁厚度及节间外径,显著提高水稻的抗倒伏能力,但在控制灌排W-2条件下,水稻的倒伏指数升高,累积破坏能量下降,水稻抗倒伏能力呈现下降的趋势。控制灌排与生物炭添加均对水稻穗长和空秕率有显著影响,其中控制灌排的影响更为明显,生物炭添加和控制灌排W-2单因素作用均显著提高了水稻产量,但两者交互作用却对产量影响不显著,相关水炭耦合效果还需进一步试验研究。     

Breeding Progress in Grain Yield and Selected Agronomic Characters of Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) over the Last Quarter of a Century

This study gives estimates of breeding progress achieved in winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) since the 1960′s in grain yield and the change in several morphological traits for seventeen historically important cultivars: 12 six-rowed and 5 two-rowed, grouped into four epochs according to the period of major commercialization in Italy. All genotypes were evaluated across a range of soil fertility and climatic environments. The modern six-rowed cultivars have shown a consistent increase in tillers/m² and seeds/spike (16 and 28 %, respectively) over the local populations. In the modern two-rowed cultivar ‘Igri’ the increase in tillers/m² and seed weight were, respectively, 20 and 14 % snd seeds/spike decreased by 20 % over the local populations. The modern six-rowed and two-rowed cultivars have less lodging, are earlier and shorter than the old varieties and local populations. In the last quarter of a century, the breeding progress for gram yield has been increased by 52 and 74 kg/ ha/year or 0.75 and 1.1 % per year respectively, for six-rowed and two-rowed genotypes: while the gain in biomass yield in the same period was not uniform for six-rowed cuitivars and increased by 64 kg/ha/ year or 0.46 % in two-rowed cultivars. The grain yield improvement in the modern six-rowed and two-rowed cultivars is the result of a better partitioning of the photosynthetic products into the grain.     

收获作业时小麦倒伏检测方法

作物倒伏不仅会造成产量和质量的降低,还会影响农业机械的自动化收割。为此,提出了一种收获作业时小麦倒伏检测方法,根据不同反射面介质对激光信号的反射特性不同,用实测的数据对激光回波信号强度信息进行统计界定;同时,基于界定结果,提出了一种融合激光距离的强度信息中值滤波算法,实现了结合激光距离信息和强度信息对小麦割茬区、倒伏区和未倒伏作物区的识别;最后,试验验证了方法的可行性,为联合收割机后续智能作业研究提供了理论依据。     

倒伏超级稻割前摘脱台试验

针对目前倒伏超级稻霜前机械化收获存在的问题,设计了一种新型气吸式摘脱台。为优化该摘脱台的设计、确定其关键参数最佳匹配,以倒伏型水稻割前摘脱总损失为评价指标,回收率为参考指标,对摘脱滚筒齿尖线速度、喂入速度、喂入口水平开度与喂入口风速等进行了单因素和正交试验。单因素试验表明：影响摘脱台损失的主要因素是喂入速度、摘脱滚筒齿尖线速度、喂入口风速和喂入口水平开度。正交试验表明：最佳组合为摘脱滚筒齿尖线速度23 m/s,喂入速度0.9 m/s,喂入口水平开度100 mm与喂入口气流速度14 m/s,割前收获顺向倒伏超级稻总损失1.52%。试验结果表明所设计的摘脱台满足倒伏超级稻收获要求,并为超级稻割前摘脱联合收割机摘脱台的设计提供依据。     

灌排模式对超级稻南粳5055抗倒伏能力的影响研究

【目的】研究不同灌排模式对超级稻南粳5055抗倒伏能力的影响。【方法】于2017年5—10月在南方地区高效灌排与农业水土环境教育部重点实验室进行不同灌排模式的桶栽试验。共设浅水勤灌(FSI)、浅湿调控(WSI)、控制灌溉(CI)和秸秆覆盖旱作(DPS)4个处理。【结果】相较FSI处理,WSI处理减少了灌水量,提高了花后期光合速率和叶面积,但茎秆形态和力学特性改善不显著;CI处理相较WSI处理进一步改善茎秆形态和力学特性,显著提高抗倒伏能力,增加产量的同时节约灌水量;DPS处理较FSI处理降低了茎鞘物质输出率和转化率,但干旱严重,茎鞘干物质累积量小于FSI处理,茎秆形态性状未能优化,抗倒伏能力下降。【结论】综合产量、抗倒伏能力及灌水量,最佳灌排模式为控制灌溉,其次为浅湿调控。