不同穗型的3个粳稻品种的抗倒性研究

试验选用不同穗型的3个粳稻品种为材料,分析其抗倒机理及与倒伏密切相关的各性状,并初步探讨穗型与倒伏之间的关系。结果表明:株高与倒伏指数呈极显著正相关;节间长、茎粗、穗部性状等均与倒伏指数存在显著相关;直立、半直立穗型品种较弯曲穗型品种倒伏指数小,株高偏矮,基部茎杆节间短且粗壮坚韧,穗短而穂颈角小,表现出较好的抗倒性能。     

玉米抗倒性检测环境的选取方法

倒伏是玉米的重要胁迫之一,为提高玉米新品种抗倒性检测的效率,需选择倒伏胁迫高发环境作为测试环境。该文结合倒伏胁迫发生机理和大风概率统计模型,首先计算每个气象站点的因风倒伏概率,通过插值和区域统计,得到东华北、黄淮海两大玉米主产区各县区的因风倒伏概率,最后进行玉米抗倒性检验环境的选取分析。结果表明：倒伏胁迫概率超过60%的县区适宜作为玉米抗倒性检测的备选环境,只需3～5个点即可基本保证每年试验都会发生倒伏胁迫;黄淮海发生极严重倒伏胁迫的平均概率高于东华北,与实际情况吻合,两大区域可作为极严重倒伏胁迫检测环境的备选县区有54个,严重倒伏有16个,一般性倒伏有21个;本方法为测试环境选取决策提供了一种量化操作的手段,有助于提高测试环境倒伏胁迫的发生概率和新品种抗倒性检测的效率,降低应用风险。     

小麦形态性状与倒伏的相关分析

进行了小麦植株穗部性状及地上各节间性状与倒伏的相关分析以及节间长度性状的多元相关分析。结果表明,株高、重心高与倒伏为极显著正相关,基部节间长度与倒伏也呈极显著正相关,但穗长与稳下节间长与倒优无相关。穗下节间的茎杆直径、髓腔直径与倒伏相关很小,基部四个节间的茎杆直径、髓腔直径与倒伏为正相关,但只有基部的穗下第五节间髓腔直径与倒伏相关达显著水平。基部四个节间长度有按比例一致变化趋势,而穗长、穗下节间长度则无此一致变化趋势。     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

大豆新品种“欧科豆25号”选育报告

大豆新品种"欧科豆25号"是吉林农业大学1998年以"黑农38号"为母本、"吉农8902-15(吉农10号)"为父本进行品种间有性杂交,经系谱法多年系统选育而成。2006—2007年参加吉林省大豆品种区域试验,平均产量3 107.4 kg/hm2,比对照"黑农38号"平均增产9.6%;2007—2008年参加吉林省大豆品种生产试验,平均产量2 889.1 kg/hm2,比对照"黑农38号"平均增产7.1%。该品种于2009年1月通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定,其主要特点是高产、稳产、早熟、抗逆、品质优良,适宜吉林省中早熟地区种植。     

台湾各县市休闲农业现状分析

台湾休闲农业起步早、发展快,各县市各有特色。综合休闲农业区、休闲农场和民宿的发展和经营情况分析,结果表明台湾休闲农业的地区分布以中部与东部相对发达,而县市中则以宜兰县、南投县、花莲县和苗栗县发展较好。     

小麦抗倒伏的力学分析

利用多自由度系统振动的理论,建立了小麦抗倒伏的力学模型,分析了典型风荷载对小麦的影响,推导出小麦的倒伏弯矩计算公式,并与小麦的抗倒伏弯矩比较,可对小麦的抗倒伏能力进行评价和预测。以一种小麦为计算实例,计算出倒伏弯矩和抗倒伏弯矩,数值试验验证了模型的合理性和实用性。     

群体调控对夏玉米抗倒伏性状指标的影响

以创玉198为试验材料,研究群体调控对夏玉米(Zea mays L.)抗倒伏性状指标的影响。结果表明,随着群体密度的增加,玉米倒伏率、株高、穗位高、穗位系数均逐渐升高;基部茎节间长增加,茎粗、茎粗系数降低;茎秆穿刺强度、单株茎秆干物重逐渐增加,茎秆抗折力先增加后降低;田间倒伏率增加,茎秆抗倒伏能力下降。得出创玉198玉米品种合理群体密度为6.00万~6.75万株/hm2,此群体结构有利于提高抗倒伏能力。     

Effects of lodging of Echinochloa crus-galli L. on the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951, a mycoherbicide using Drechslera monoceras (Drechsler) Subram. et Jain (= Exserohilum monoceras [Drechsler] Leonard et Suggs)

MTB-951 is a plant pathogen ( Drechslera monoceras ), which was isolated from native Echinochloa spp. in Japan. The conidia of this pathogen were used as the herbicidal active ingredient to control Echinochloa crus-galli L. The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 on E. crus-galli was drastically increased with an increasing water depth of between 1 and 10 cm. The efficacy also was increased when shoots were lodged by pushing down on them with a stainless steel net so that all parts of the weed were submerged. These results suggest that the contact area of the leaf surface of E. crus-galli with water is important for infection and that lodging the shoots of E. crus-galli might be effective in increasing the herbicidal efficacy. In order to find other methods to lodge the weed, we investigated several materials, of which diisononyl phthalate (DINP) was found to be the most effective. Using this material as a model, the effect of lodging on the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 was examined. The lodging ratio (ratio of the number of the plants lodged on the water surface to that of the total plants) was increased with an increased amount of DINP, between 0.5 and 8 kg ha⁻¹. The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 also was increased by DINP and a positive correlation was observed between the lodging ratio and herbicidal efficacy. These results indicate that lodging, which can increase the contact area between the leaf surface and water, enhances the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951.     

油菜抗倒伏测试风洞关键部件仿真与试验

为解决现有油菜抗倒伏品种选育周期长、难度大等问题，依托计算流体力学软件Fluent建立油菜抗倒伏测试风洞模型，对风洞扩散段、稳定段、收缩段等关键部位进行参数设计及仿真试验，分析该模型对风洞流场品质的影响，最终通过正交试验选择最佳设计方案。结果显示，单因素试验中，收缩段长度Lc增加，风洞出口风速变异系数增加，气流品质下降；随稳定段长度Lw增加，风洞出口风速变异系数先减小后增加，稳定段长度1 000 mm时，风速变异系数最低，气流品质最佳；阻尼网距稳定段出口长度增加，风洞出口风速变异系数先降低后增加，阻尼网距稳定段出口0.65Lw时，风速变异系数最小。正交试验结果显示，收缩段长度600 mm、稳定段800 mm、阻尼网距风洞出口0.65Lw时，对应风洞试验区风速平均变异系数为0.139，风速较其他方案更稳定，气流品质最佳。实测验证发现，与仿真结果相比，实测风速大小无明显差别，且实测结果中各截面风速变异系数略优于仿真值，整体仿真结果与实测效果拟合较好。