Lithium toxicity in plants

Abstract

The toxicity of Li to three plant species was studied to determine if there were interactions with other elements and to determine if a chelating agent modified Li toxicity. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgarls L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen), grown in solution culture, were sensitive to 0.5 X10^‐3Li which resulted in 10 μg/g in leaves, 48 in stems, and 24 in roots. Higher concentrations of Li produced marked reductions in plant yield accompanied by increased Li concentrations in leaf, stem, and root tissues. For most treatments, root concentrations of Li were lower than those in shoots, but those in stems were higher than those in leaves. Higher levels of Li decreased Zn in leaves, increased Ca in stems, and generally increased Fe and Mn in all plant tissues. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) resulted in slightly increased Ii levels in leaves, stems, and roots. Bush bean plants were injured slightly with 25 μg Li/g of Yolo loam soil applied as LiCl; 50 μg Li/g soil caused more severe injury. Leaf concentrations of about 200 μg Li/g resulted in significant yield reduction and around 600 μg//g of leaves resulted in severe toxicity. There were some interactions of Li with other elements which resulted in an increase of them in both leaf and stem tissues. Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. C.V. Atlas 57) were severely stunted when grown with 500 and 1000 μg Li/g soil as Li oxalate. Increasing the soil pH even further with lime and decreasing it with S had no influence on the toxicity. Shoot concentrations of Li ranged from 800 to over 2000 in the various treatments resulting in severe disruption of the Ca and K balance. Leaf concentrations of Li were higher than those for stems in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. C.V. Acala 442). Cotton was tolerant of a leaf concentration of 587 μg Li/g. High levels of Li increased concentrations of several elements in cotton leaves and in stems. Cotton leaves accumulated more Li than did bush beans.     

豫南砂姜黑土区玉米新型肥料的应用效果分析

为了进一步提高豫南砂姜黑土区玉米产量与改善土壤环境条件,本研究以常规尿素为对照(CK),通过2年的大田试验,对比分析同等施肥条件下施用控释尿素(CRU)及含生物质炭(BU)、微肥(MU)、腐植酸(HAU)尿素4种玉米新型肥料对玉米生长与养分吸收的影响,同时,评价施用新型肥料对土壤硝态氮残留及玉米经济效益的影响。结果表明：施用新型肥料较CK均提高了玉米子粒产量,增幅范围为2.7%~10.9%,其中,以HAU增幅最高(10.9%),CRU (8.8%)次之,BU和MU增幅相对较低。与CK相比,HAU穗粒数和百粒重分别提高了9.7%和9.2%,植株氮和磷吸收量分别提高了20.6%和27.5%,差异显著;其他处理产量构成因素、养分吸收量与CK之间差异均未达到显著水平。同时,HAU较CK显著降低了0~40 cm土层硝态氮含量：其中,0~20 cm土层降幅为26.4%,20~40 cm土层降幅为32.4%。各处理产投比由高至低依次表现为HAU (2.14)>CRU (2.05)>MU (2.04)≈CK (2.04)>BU (2.03)。因此,在豫南砂姜黑土区施用含腐植酸尿素不仅能够促进玉米增产增收,而且能够降低土壤硝酸盐污染的风险,具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

蚯蚓处理石灰法造纸废水沉降物试验

以引进的大平２号蚯蚓及本地两种蚯蚓进行了不同品种蚯蚓处理石灰法造纸废水沉降底泥的饲养试验,结果表明：大平２号蚯蚓处理效果明显好于本地环毛蚓和异唇蚓,大平２号蚓单卵平均孵化４．４条,在底泥中从幼蚓长为成蚓约需６０ｄ,每天每克蚯蚓消耗底泥０．９７ｇ左右     

Effect of 46 years' application of fertilizers,FYM and lime on physical,chemical and biological properties of soil under maize–wheat system in an acid Alfisol of northwest Himalayas

Imbalanced fertilizer use with intensive cropping has threatened the sustainability of agroecosystems, especially on acid soils. An understanding of the long-term effects of fertilizers and amendments on soil health is essential for sustaining high crop yields. The effects of application of fertilizers, and amendments for 46 years on soil properties and maize yield in an acid Alfisol were investigated in this study. Ten fertilizer treatments comprising different amounts of NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM) and lime, and one control, were replicated three times in a randomized block design. At 0–15 cm soil depth, bulk density was least (1.20 t/m³), porosity (49.8%) and water holding capacity (61.7%) were greatest in 100% NPK + FYM, corresponding to the largest organic carbon content (13.93 g/kg). Microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activity in 100% NPK + FYM were 42% and 13.7% greater than 100% NPK, respectively. Available nutrients were significantly more with 100% NPK + FYM and 100% NPK + lime than control and other fertilizer treatments. At 15–30 cm depth, the effect of various treatments was comparable to the surface layer. Grain yield declined by 55% and 53% in 100% NPK(-S) and 100% NP, respectively, compared with 100% NPK, whereas 100% N as urea alone eventually led to crop failure. Soil porosity recorded the greatest positive correlation (r = .933**), whereas bulk density recorded a negative significant correlation (r = −.942**) with grain yield. The results suggest that integrated use of FYM/lime with chemical fertilizers is a sustainable practice in terms of crop yield and soil health, whereas continuous application of urea alone is detrimental to the soil health.     

Comparative growth of two peach seedling rootstocks under alkaline soil conditions

An almond X peach seed line, ‘Titan’ X Nemaguard (T X NG), which is tolerant to lime‐induced chlorosis, was compared to a susceptible seedling rootstock, Nemared, under alkaline conditions. The tolerant rootstock's growth was not affected by Fe stress, whereas the susceptible rootstock showed chlorosis which corresponded to approximately a 20% chlorophyll loss in the new foliage during the 18‐week stress period, a 62% decrease in shoot dry weight and a 22% decrease in plant height.     

Nutritional (Fe-Mn) interactions in ‘Big Top’ peach plants as influenced by the rootstock and by the soil CaCO3 concentration

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder and it can interfere with the absorption, translocation, and utilization of other elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and P. Soil conditions, management factors, and the use of different genotypes of rootstock can determine the degree of Mn toxicity and of interaction with other elements in the orchard. Five plants of the cultivar ‘Big Top’® grafted onto itself, onto plum rootstock ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and onto hybrid peach x almond rootstock ‘GF677’ were grown in 25-L containers under three treatments, 0, 20, 30% concentration of total lime, obtained by mixing powdered CaCO₃ to a sandy soil. Plants were fertilized with manure and a solid fertilizer early in April and irrigated in summer periodically with water rich in manganese. After just 28 d, active lime caused a decrease of chlorophyll SPAD index especially in plants grafted on itself, while those grafted on the tolerant ‘GF677’ rootstock behaved better than those grafted on ‘Mr.S.2/5.’ From June to September, irrigation caused increases in soil Mn concentration and Mn concentration in control plants. This caused first a serious defoliation in Big Top / Big Top plants and then a re-greening of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and ‘GF677,’ probably due to the interaction between iron and manganese at high pH. In particular the 20% CaCO₃ addition to the soil preserved the plants of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ from Mn toxicity, as shown by their high chlorophyll content and growth and lower Mn leaf concentrations. Plants grafted onto ‘GF677’ rootstock showed the best behaviour under 30% CaCO₃ treatment associated to higher Fe(III)-reducing capacity and photosynthetic activity. Rootstocks and soil conditions (lime and waterlogging) influenced mineral status and growth of the peach cultivar ‘Big Top,’ particularly by interacting together and modifying Fe-Mn availability.     

生物炭和石灰对红壤理化性质及烟草苗期生长影响的差异

我国南方红壤普遍存在酸性强、铝毒和有效养分含量低等特性,本文研究了生物炭和石灰对红壤理化性质及烟草生长的差异,为烟田红壤改良提供理论基础。采用盆栽试验,设置0、0.5%、1%、2%生物炭用量与传统石灰用量(0.3%)等5个处理,研究了其对红壤pH值、交换性铝和锰、有效态矿质养分含量,以及烟草农艺性状、烟叶矿质养分含量等的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭或石灰后,烟草株高、茎粗和叶片数目等农艺性状明显改善,生物量显著提高。0.5%和1%生物炭处理烟叶的N、P、K、Ca和Mg含量较对照处理明显提高,但2%生物炭处理,烟叶N含量比对照处理降低了9.3%。与对照处理相比,石灰处理中烟叶的N、P和Ca含量增加,K和Mg含量下降。施用生物炭和石灰均能够提高红壤pH值,降低其交换性铝含量;且施用生物炭土壤的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量均高于对照处理;而石灰处理仅交换性钙含量增加,交换性锰含量则减少。因此,施用生物炭和石灰均能促进红壤中烟草的生长,并有效改善红壤的理化性状。     

河南省砂姜黑土土类和土属的数字制图研究

数字制图是近年来土壤学的研究热点,而将数字制图与砂姜黑土研究相结合,目前国内研究甚少。选取河南省为研究区,获取该区的气候、母质和地形信息,以土壤—景观定量模型,定量获取砂姜黑土土类属性与主要成土要素之间的相互关系,应用该模型来预测土类分布并制图。在土类图的基础上,根据土属高程分布差异,进一步预测土属分布并制图。结果表明,该方法在土类数字制图尺度上与调查结果重合度可达到80%以上,并且可弥补调查缺失地方,同时间接证明砂姜黑土的成土母质为石灰性母质,其差异部分表明人为、地表径流因素对砂姜黑土土类的分布具有重要的影响。在土属数字制图尺度上,与调查结果面积数量和分布趋势大体一致,具体空间分布难于比较,有待于景观模型进一步细化,还需更详细的地形和气候资料,这些可为砂姜黑土数字制图的下一步研究和完善提供指导。     

A Two-Factor Empirical Deterministic Response Surface Calibration Model for Site-Specific Predictions of Lime Requirement

This paper describes the development of an empirical deterministic two-factor response surface model for the Woodruff lime-requirement buffer (WRF). The model may be used to produce variable-rate lime requirement maps, or to predict lime requirements in real-time. Hence it may be suitable as a component of a decision support system (DSS) for the site-specific management of acid soil. The models' predictions were compared to those of a one-factor response surface, and those of a linear regression. The models tested were validated against soil-CaCO₃ incubations using a statistical jackknifing procedure for error and bias estimations. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to ascertain the best model in terms of goodness of fit and parsimony. The two-factor response surface model produced the best lime requirement estimates, followed by the single-factor model, then the conventional linear regression. The advantages of the response surface models are their improved prediction accuracy, and their flexibility in the choice of any target pH (from pH 5.5 to 7) without the need for excessive calibrations. The uncertainty of the model was assessed using data from an agricultural field in Kelso, New South Wales, Australia. Block kriged maps of soil pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl₂ (pH_CaCl2), WRF buffer pH (pH_buffer) and lime requirements to a target pH of 7 were produced, to compare their spatial distributions. Finally the economic and agronomic benefits of site-specific liming were considered.     

A Study on Plaster of Paris Made from Phosphogypsum

This paper deals with the purification of phosphogypsum by some processing such as washing with water, washing with lime milk, neutralization with lime and so on. It also covers the way to make plaster of Paris having good properties without washing. The result shows that the process of neutralization with lime is simple and the treated phosphogypsum can be used to produce the first grade of plaster.