区域畜禽环境承载力核算方法研究与应用

针对畜禽养殖区域布局不合理,科学、实用的环境承载力核算方法欠缺的问题,本研究在畜禽土地承载力核算方法的基础上,综合考虑水环境容量和经济社会发展等因素,构建了基于作物养分需求及水土环境多要素的畜禽环境承载力核算模型,确定了模型参数取值,形成了畜禽环境承载力核算方法。以湖南省为例对核算方法进行应用验证,核算出湖南省畜禽环境承载力为6 113.16万头当量生猪。经与相关研究成果比对分析,认为该核算方法优于我国当前广泛采用的土地承载力核算方法,表明该核算方法具有较强的科学性与实用性,对各地科学合理的测算畜禽养殖环境承载力,确保畜牧业与环境协调发展具有指导意义。     

3种蛋白水平饲料对克氏螯虾生长和虾肉品质的影响

采用40%、33%、27%3种蛋白水平的配合饲料和纯菜粕(对照组)分别投喂克氏螯虾(Procambarus clar-kii)98 d,研究不同蛋白水平的饲料对克氏螯虾生长和肉质的影响。结果显示:克氏螯虾增重以27%组最高,其次是40%组、33%组,对照组最低;克氏螯虾体长增长以27%蛋白组最高,其次是33%、40%组,对照组最低;饲料系数以33%组最低,其次是27%组、40%组,对照组最高。随着饲料蛋白质含量升高,蛋白质效率呈下降的趋势。27%组出肉率、虾黄率含量最高;滴水损失40%组显著高于27%组(P<0.05);蒸煮损失27%组(P<0.01)、33%组(P<0.05)组均显著低于对照组;不同蛋白水平组间的虾肉水分含量、肉样pH值(pH1和pH2)、熟肉率、嫩度没有显著差异。试验表明克氏螯虾饲料中蛋白质水平以27%和33%比较适合。     

The effect of dietary protein on the growth and survival of the shrimp, Penaeus monodon in outdoor tanks

The comparative effect of reducing the protein content of formulated feed on the growth and survival of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, and on water quality was tested in outdoor tanks. Three diets, 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 crude protein (CP), were fed to P. monodon (3.1 g animals, 25 animals per m²) in each of eight replicated outdoor 2500 L tanks in an 8‐week trial. There was no statistical difference (P > 0.05) in shrimp growth rate (1.34–1.50 g week^?1), survival, or final biomass between the treatments. However, when tanks with lower survival were removed from the analysis (<60 and <80% were tested), shrimp growth rate was statistically higher (P < 0.05) in the 350 and 400 g kg^?1 CP diets than in the 300 g kg^?1 CP diet treatment. There were no differences in the nutritional condition of shrimp between treatments, as determined by moisture and protein content, and lipid content of the digestive gland. Using ¹⁵N‐nitrogen isotope tracers, it was determined that shrimp were consuming natural biota, although these were unlikely to have contributed substantially to their nutrition. Total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the water column increased over the eight week experiment and were statistically different (P < 0.001) between treatments (3.60, 5.17 and 6.45 mg L^?1 in the 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1 CP treatments, respectively). Concentrations of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were also statistically different between treatments and made up 35–40% of the TN in the water column. Concentrations of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and oxides of nitrogen, and fluorescence were not statistically different between treatments but there was a trend of higher concentrations in treatments with higher protein levels. There was no difference in sediment nutrients between treatments. This study has shown that there is scope to reduce the protein content of P. monodon diets but only by 5–10%. However, further validation of these results in commercial ponds is needed. Reducing the feed protein content may result in cost savings and also has the advantage of improving water quality and reducing nitrogen discharge.     

Behavioural responses to visual environment in early stage Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. larvae

Marine fish larvae exhibit species‐specific sensitivity to light, which changes during ontogeny. Our aim was to explore how visual environment, characterized by light intensity, microalgae addition and wall colour, affects spatial distribution of Atlantic cod larvae. We applied two different small‐scale factorial designs, each of them as a series of independent short‐term trials at fixed larval ages from 5 to 35 days post hatch (DPH). Positive phototaxis increased in larvae from 5 to ≈24 DPH, followed by reduced response at later ages. Effects from the experimental factors on larval behaviour changed with age, and significant interactions between factors were present. Algae significantly affected larvae only at 5 DPH, increasing phototactic response. White wall colour induced distribution of larvae close to the tank walls at all ages. The experimental approach demonstrated clear effects from visual environment on larval distribution, and revealed both relative importance of individual factors, interactive effects and temporal changes due to larval ontogeny. Our results suggest that by fine‐tuning the visual environment in tanks, the larval distribution may be managed to improve overall rearing conditions through a more even distribution with reduced closeness to tank walls.     

养殖水体中添加蜡样芽孢杆菌PC465 对凡纳滨对虾抗病力的影响

将蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)PC465添加到凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖水体中至终浓度分别为10~4、10~5和10~6 CFU/mL,以无益生菌添加的养殖组为对照组,定期检测实验对虾肠道和养殖水体中的细菌总数、弧菌总数以及水体中氨氮含量和亚硝酸氮含量。实验结果表明,水体中添加益生菌能降低凡纳滨对虾肠道内细菌数量,且与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05);高浓度的益生菌处理组可以明显降低养殖水体内弧菌数量(P0.05),但是益生菌并没有显著影响水体中的氨氮含量和亚硝酸氮含量。养殖4周后进行WSSV投喂感染实验,感染实验表明,实验组H组(益生菌浓度为10~6 CFU/mL)和M组(益生菌浓度为10~5 CFU/mL)凡纳滨对虾的累计死亡率分别为63.9%和74.6%,显著低于对照组100%的累计死亡率(P0.05)。感染实验期间采用荧光定量PCR方法测定了凡纳滨对虾3种免疫相关基因的表达情况,统计数据显示,益生菌处理组的脂多糖-β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白(lipopolysaccharide-β-1,3-glucan-binding protein,LGBP)、β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白-脂蛋白(beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein-lipoprotein,βGBP-HDL)、热激蛋白70(heat shock proteins,Hsp70)mRNA的表达量在WSSV感染后呈显著上调趋势。实验结果提示,水体中添加蜡样芽孢杆菌PC465可以提高凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV感染能力,其作用机制可能是降低对虾肠道和水体中的细菌和弧菌数量,或调节免疫相关基因的表达水平。     

草海高原湿地湖泊水质时空变化及水质分区研究

针对草海水质污染状况,开展水质季节变化特征研究,为草海湿地污染治理及保护提供依据。在草海湿地湖泊设置了15个采样点,于2014年8月、11月和2015年1月、4月,分4季进行水样采集。以所测水质参数为基础,运用水质综合评价和GIS空间分析方法,研究草海湿地水环境质量时空变化,并基于营养状态对湖泊水体进行了分区。研究表明:(1)草海TP、TN、CODMn、Chl-a 4种主要水质指标浓度在春季高于其他3个季节,浓度分别达到0.03、0.98、6.30和0.025 mg/L,空间分布呈现由东至西逐渐降低的趋势,草海入水口及码头区域要明显高于湖泊其他区域。(2)草海湖泊营养状态为中营养级别,按4个季度的综合营养状态指数(TLI)平均值分为3个区域,A区为东北角入水口及西海游客码头,长年处于富营养状态,为富营养状态区,53.9≤TLI≤63.0,水质处于Ⅳ与Ⅴ类等级;B区为临近县城及入水口区域,季节性富营养状态,为中营养状态区,41.2≤TLI≤46.6;C区为草海湖泊中心延续到阳关山的下游出水口区域,为贫中营养状态区,35.8≤TLI≤39.7;B区和C区水质全年为Ⅲ类等级。(3)各区域主要污染物指标以Chl-a、TN为主,A区形成的主因是城市污水注入,B区形成的主因是农业面源污染。控制城市污水和农药、化肥施用量是治理草海湖泊水环境的重要途径。     

北部沿海人工繁殖长江蟹试验

首次在北部沿海进行了长江蟹人工繁殖试验,报告了亲蟹促产,越冬培育,饵料投喂,水质管理,幼体孵化,幼体培育等全套工艺流程,交配抱卵率达８１％,越冬成活率８４．６％,大眼幼体育成率２２．５％,认为长江蟹,黄河蟹幼体培育方法一致,培养结果,育成率无显著差异,但越冬水深应保持１．５ｍ以上,亲蟹须先进行１５￣２０天强化培育。     

三疣梭子蟹苗种生产的若干技术

根据１９９４～１９９６ 年进行三疣梭子蟹苗种生产的实践经验,将生产过程各个环节归纳总结,针对亲蟹蓄养、幼体培育密度、饵料投喂、水质管理等主要环节提出相应的技术措施,以期对梭子蟹的苗种生产起促进作用。     

‘烟富3号’苹果不同采收期果实品质和香气物质含量分析

对着色系优系富士‘烟富3号’品种不同采收期的果实品质和香气物质含量进行了测定分析,结果表明：在10月5日至10月26日期间,随采收时间的延迟,可溶性固形物含量由13.2%增加到15.2%,可溶性糖由9.977%增加到12.967%,可滴定酸含量由0.252 mmol/g逐渐下降至0.164 mmol/g;VC含量则先增加后下降,10月26日采收的果实中VC含量仅为19日的26.7%;10月5日采摘的果实中仅检测出18种香气物质,总含量6.581μg/g,26日采摘的果实中检测出香气物质32种,总含量达到了45.770μg/g;适当延迟采收时间有利于增加可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、香气成分种类和总量,提高果实的风味和品质;在烟台地区,10月20日应该是‘烟富3号’苹果最佳食用的采摘期。     

Quality assessment of newly hatched mud crab,Scylla serrata,larvae

Starvation and exposure to formalin were investigated as possible stress tests for evaluating the quality of mud crab, Scylla serrata, larvae. For the starvation stress test, newly hatched zoeae stocked in 150‐ml containers were either starved or fed rotifers. Similarly, newly hatched zoeae were stocked in containers with seawater of 0 (control), 20, 30 and 40 mg/L formalin for the formalin stress test. The zoeae from the same batches were used for seed production to monitor their performance and validate the results of stress tests. Starvation was found to be unsuitable for larval quality evaluation. However, the impact of initial food deprivation on the newly hatched larvae indicates that feeding immediately after hatching is necessary for mud crab larvae. Exposure of larvae to 40 mg/L formalin for 3 hr appeared to be a reliable and practical method for larval quality assessment as the survival of larvae in the mass production tanks validated the classification of good and poor quality batches in the stress tests. On this basis, a hatchery operator can decide which batch should be cultured further. Finally, there appears to be a link between the quality of larvae and the performance at the megalopa and early juvenile crabs.