猪粪和石灰对铅锌尾矿污染土壤中紫花苜蓿生长及重金属吸收特性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了铅锌尾矿污染土壤上施用有机肥、石灰2种改良剂对紫花苜蓿生长发育、产量、叶绿素含量以及重金属元素Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn积累特性的影响,并分析施用改良剂后土壤pH值和土壤中有效态重金属含量的变化。结果表明,与对照（不施加任何改良剂）相比,2种改良剂的不同施用水平均能不同程度地提高土壤pH值,显著降低土壤中各重金属有效态含量。明显抑制Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn向紫花苜蓿地上部转移,降低重金属在紫花苜蓿地上部植株中的积累。改善紫花苜蓿的生长和发育,株高、地上部鲜重和地下部鲜重、叶绿素含量均有不同程度的增加;2种改良剂的不同处理水平对紫花苜蓿地下部重金属含量的影响均达到显著水平。总体上看。当有机肥、石灰的施用量均为10g／kg土时。其改良土壤的效果最明显。     

Physiological and Mineralogical Properties of Arsenic-Induced Chlorosis in Barley Seedlings Grown Hydroponically

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of arsenic (As) on the physiological and mineralogical properties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Minorimugi’). The plants were grown in nutrient solution treated with 0, 6.7, 33.5, and 67 μ M As (0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 ppm As, respectively) in the phytotron. Dry matter yield of shoots and roots decreased significantly with the As treatments, indicating that barley plants are As-sensitive and As-toxicity depends on the As concentration in the rooting medium. Necrosis in older leaves and chlorosis symptoms (whitish color) in the fully developed young leaves were observed at the 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. Arsenic concentration, accumulation, and translocation increased with the increase of As concentration in the rooting medium. Arsenic was mostly concentrated in roots and a little amount was moved to shoots, indicating that As was not easily translocated to shoots of barley seedlings. Concentrations and accumulations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) decreased significantly in shoots for 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments as compared to the 0 μ M As treatment. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu decreased in roots, but Zn concentration increased in roots at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu in roots also decreased significantly at 67 μ M As treatment. Accumulation of P and the cations showed negative relationship with As. Concentration of Fe decreased in shoots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments where chlorosis was induced in the young leaf but increased in roots at 33.5 and 67 μ M As treatments. It was suggested that As might induce iron (Fe)-chlorosis in the plants. Among the micronutrients, Fe translocation was more affected than others by As. Phytosiderophore (PS) accumulation in roots, which is a symptom of Fe-deficiency in grasses, did not change significantly between 0 and 33.5 μ M As treatments; indicating that As-induced chlorosis did not enhance PS accumulation in roots and decreased due to As-toxicity at 67 μ M As treatment.     

Effects of temperature and humidity on the contact angle of pesticide droplets on rice leaf surfaces

The effects of external factors such as temperature, humidity, pesticide formulation, and pesticide concentration on the contact angle of pesticide droplets on rice leaf surfaces were analyzed. The experiments showed that there were significant differences in the contact angles of droplets on the leaf surfaces under different temperatures and humidity. As the ambient temperature increased, the contact angle first decreased and then increased, reaching a minimum value at 25°C. With a gradual increase in humidity, the contact angle significantly increased and reached a maximum at 100% humidity. Finally, it was concluded that both the formulation and concentration of the pesticide had a significant effect on the contact angle of droplets on rice leaf surfaces. The experiments also illustrated that the effects of the pesticide formulation and concentration on the contact angle were more significant than those of temperature and humidity.     

Factors Associated with Survival in Septicemic Foals: 65 Cases (1988–1995)

In order to identify variables obtained at admission that could be used to predict survival in septicemic foals, medical records of 65 foals diagnosed with septicemia were reviewed. Initially, variables were analyzed independently (univariate analysis) for association with survival. Of the physical examination and historical data examined using univariate analysis, the ability to stand at admission, respiratory rate ≥ 60 breaths per minute (bpm), and normal-appearing mucous membranes were significantly associated with survival. Foals with history of induced parturition were significantly less likely to survive. The following hematologic and serum biochemical variables determined at admission were significantly associated with survival: white blood cell count a 6,000 cells/μL, neutrophil count <4,000 cells/μL, serum albumin concentration <2.2 g/dL, serum glucose concentration <120 mg/ dL, blood pH ≥ 7.35, and positive base excess. The administration of plasma at admission was significantly associated with survival. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between survival and variables identified as significantly associated with survival in bivariate analysis. The final multivariate model selected included the variables standing, duration of clinical signs (24-hour intervals) prior to admission, respiratory rate a 60 bpm, neutropenia (> 4,000 cells/μL), and neonatal age category. The probability of survival was significantly increased for foals that were standing, had a respiratory rate a 60 bpm, and that had a neutrophil count <4,000 cells/μL at admission. Probability of survival was significantly decreased for foals that had a longer duration of clinical signs prior to admission. For each 24 hours of duration, the estimated risk of death was increased by 5.8-fold.     

蔗糖对小黑麦离体培养穗粒数的调节作用

利用小黑麦植株穗的离体培养技术，研究了不同蔗糖浓度对穗粒形成的影响。结果表明：在开花前13天到开花1天。不同浓度的蔗糖供给对穗结实率有不同的影响，随着蔗糖浓度上升，总结实率增加，但蔗糖浓度超过4％，穗结实率开始下降。在0．0～0．5％蔗糖浓度下．上部节间仍有～定的生长。但生长缓慢．不能抽穗。为明确蔗糖对穗粒数的调控的最敏感时期，设置了开花前不同时期降低蔗糖浓度的试验。蔗糖浓度为0．5％和4％2个处理。处理为开花前13～9天、8～4天、3天～开花。结果表明：不论在何时段，用0．5％蔗糖浓度处理，均比正常蔗糖4％处理穗粒数减少，就下降而言开花前13天＞3天＞8天＞0天；穗粒数率最敏感的时期：一是在开花前13—9天，二是开花前3天～开花。     

Regulation of root-to-leaf Na and Cl transport and its association with photosynthetic activity in salt-tolerant soybean genotypes

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity is a major constraint to sustainable crop production. Genetic improvements are needed for growing soybean in salinity-prone environments. Salt-tolerant soybean genotypes alleviate a reduction in photosynthesis and growth under saline conditions; however, the detailed mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we aimed to clarify how Na and Cl root-to-leaf transport is quantitatively regulated, and to identify whether photosynthetic tolerance depends on traits associated with either stomata or with mesophyll tissues. Two pairs of pot-grown soybean near-isogenic lines (NILs) consisting of tolerant and susceptible counterparts, derived from a cross between salt-tolerant FT-Abyara and salt-sensitive C01, were subjected to salinity treatment in a rainout greenhouse. Comparison of photosynthetic responses between genotypes indicated that genotypic differences in salinity tolerance depended on the ability for sustained CO₂ assimilation in mesophyll tissues, rather than stomatal conductance. The ratio of photosynthetic rate to intercellular CO₂ concentration (A/Ci) declined exponentially with increasing Na and Cl concentration regardless of genotype, but tolerant genotypes effectively kept both elements at significantly low levels. Under saline conditions, tolerant genotypes reduced Na and Cl content at the two transport pathways: from root to stem, and from stem to leaf, but the reduction of Cl at each pathway was only minor. These results suggest that integrating genetic capacity for Cl transport regulation and osmotic adjustment should be an important target in salinity-tolerance soybean breeding.     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

亚硝酸盐氮对克氏原螯虾仔虾的急性毒性效应

研究了亚硝酸盐氮对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus Clarkii)仔虾的急性毒性效应,结果表明:克氏原螯虾仔虾对亚硝酸盐氮的耐受性随接触时间的增加而明显降低;亚硝酸盐氮对克氏原螯虾仔虾24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h半致死浓度分别为28.69 mg/L、22.69 mg/L、18.92 mg/L、15.19 mg/L,安全浓度为1.52 mg/L.     

模拟铅胁迫下玉米不同基因型生长与铅积累及各器官间分配规律

我国遭受重金属污染的土地中有87%左右是中轻度污染土壤类型,深入研究不同植物对重金属的吸收和转运积累规律,是科学利用植物和土壤资源的重要基础工作.通过玻璃网室盆栽模拟污染的手段,研究了玉米6种基因型在铅中度污染胁迫(800mg·kg-1)与轻度污染胁迫(400mg·kg-1)下的植株生长、铅吸收积累及其在玉米不同器官间分配的规律.结果表明,不同铅污染胁迫下,玉米不同基因型的生长及铅吸收量达到极显著差异(P＜0.01),铅在不同器官之间的分布形式也存在显著的基因型差异.轻度铅污染胁迫不同程度地促进玉米所有供试基因型的生长,而中度污染胁迫下糯玉米基因型生物量最大.与正常土壤对照条件下的表现相比,不同程度铅污染胁迫下基因型申甜1号的生物量增幅最大,表现出较强的铅耐受能力.不同基因型的玉米体内铅积累量随着污染水平的提高而增加,各器官内铅积累浓度差异规律为根>叶>茎>穗.掖单13号具有较强的铅转运能力(TF=0.662 8),申甜1号的生物富集能力最强(BCF=0.0264),掖单13号和申甜1号均具有较强的铅吸收和积累能力,属于潜在的高积累基因型.但掖单13号根部富集量少而穗部积累多,申甜1号根中铅积累较多而果穗中较少.2个甜玉米基因型果穗内铅积累量较少,其含量符合国家规定的食品生产相应的安全标准.     

基于STM32的植株缺素水肥调节系统的设计与试验

设计了基于STM32单片机的水肥调节系统,该系统通过控制不同电磁阀开度实现不同元素水肥配比的调节。以生菜为例研究在其他元素水肥配比正常浓度的情况下,调节控制钾肥浓度的电磁阀开度,使得不同生菜对照组在具有不同钾肥浓度下生长,对比研究不同钾肥浓度与生菜叶片面积和植株高度的关系,从而得到电磁阀开度调整策略,实现水肥配比的精准调节。