红三叶新品系生理生化指标对低温的响应机理

为研究红三叶（Trifolium pratense）新品系（R）的耐低温性,本试验以岷山红三叶（CK1）和甘红1号红三叶（CK2）品种为对照,采用人工模拟低温环境的方法对其进行4℃低温胁迫,测定了各参试材料的叶片含水量（Content of leaf water,LWC）,叶绿素含量（Chlorophyll,CHL）,可溶性糖含量（Soluble Sugar,SS）,丙二醛含量（Malondialdehyde,MDA）,以及叶片超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase,SOD）,过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）活性。结果表明,随着低温胁迫时间延长,3个红三叶材料叶片的LWC和CHL含量逐渐降低,MDA含量和SS含量则逐渐升高,POD,SOD和CAT活性均呈先升高后下降的变化趋势;3个参试材料中,R的LWC和SS含量最低,CHL,MDA含量及叶片SOD,POD和CAT活性最高;从红三叶材料×低温胁迫天数交互作用而言,R的LWC下降幅度较大,CHL含量显著高于CK2（P<0.05）,叶片SOD,POD和CAT活性显著高于2对照材料（P<0.05）。采用隶属函数法对3个红三叶材料的耐低温性综合评价表明,3个红三叶材料耐低温性强弱依次为R > CK1 > CK2。     

北亚热带区红三叶自毒效应潜势初探

试验以昆明小哨示范牧场红三叶种子为受体,分别选取红三叶茎、叶、花3个部位,设计了0.025g/mL、0.05g/mL、0.075g/mL、0.10g/mL、0.15g/mL、0.20g/mL不同浓度的浸提液,研究了红三叶不同部位不同浓度浸提液对其自身种子下胚轴长、幼苗长和幼根长的化感影响。结果表明：红三叶存在具有浓度效应的自毒作用,且不同部位不同浓度的浸提液化感作用强度不同;红三叶浸提液对下胚轴长产生促进作用;而对幼根长和幼苗长产生不同程度的抑制作用,且对幼根的抑制作用更明显。     

花椒树下苜蓿、百脉根和白三叶的光合生理生态特性研究

为科学指导林草复合中对林下间作牧草的选择,运用美国LI-COR公司制造的LI-6400便携式光合测定系统,研究了白三叶Tritolium repens、苜蓿Medicago sativa和百脉根Lotus corniculatus在林草间作时的光合生理生态特性,探讨三者在林下间作的生态适应性.结果表明:白三叶、苜蓿和百脉根净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化均为双峰曲线,2个峰值分别出现在11:00和15:00左右.3种植物的Pn与Gs都具有显著相关关系,且叶片温度(Tl)与蒸腾速率(Tr)呈极显著正相关关系.     

Facilitation of an Exotic Grass Through Nitrogen Enrichment by an Exotic Legume

Invasive species control requires understanding the mechanisms behind their establishment and their interactions with other species. One potential ecosystem alteration influencing the establishment and spread of invasive species is anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment, from sources like introduced or invasive nitrogen (N)-fixing legumes, which can alter competition between native, non-native, and invasive plants. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and N-fixing yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis) are exotic to the Great Plains and are currently invading and degrading native rangelands by altering ecosystem processes and displacing native plants. Therefore, we investigated how N enrichment from yellow sweet clover affects the aboveground biomass production of Kentucky bluegrass and western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), a native cool-season grass, the ranges of which overlap in the northern Great Plains. In a controlled greenhouse environment, we conditioned experimental pots by growing yellow sweet clover and terminating each plant after 8 wk. Conditioned soils contained ≈ 340% more plant-available N than untreated soils 2 wk after yellow sweet clover death. We then grew Kentucky bluegrass and western wheatgrass transplant seedlings in interspecific and intraspecific pairs in pots conditioned either with or without yellow sweet clover for 12 wk. Aboveground biomass production of both Kentucky bluegrass and western wheatgrass grown in interspecific and intraspecific pairs increased in conditioned soils. However, when grown together in conditioned pots, the increase in Kentucky bluegrass biomass relative to untreated pots (520%) was double that of the increase in western wheatgrass biomass (260%). Our results reveal that Kentucky bluegrass can use increased soil N to produce proportionally more aboveground biomass than western wheatgrass, a native grass competitor. Thus, our results suggest yellow sweet clover and other sources of N enrichment may facilitate the invasion of Kentucky bluegrass.     

供应不同形态氮肥VA菌根对三叶草苗期生长和磷素营养的影响

本试验采用三室盆栽系统研究两种不同形态的氮肥(铵态氮和硝态氮)接种泡囊——丛枝(VA)菌根真菌对三叶草苗期植株生长和磷素营养的影响。测定各处理植株的生长量和根系的总长度,分析植株 N,P,K 等养分的含量和收获后中室边室土壤 Olsen-P 浓度及 pH值。结果表明,施用两种不同形态的氮肥,接种菌根真菌显著增加了植株的干物重,提高了植株中 P 的含量,且在 NH_4-N 的处理中,菌根效应要大于 NO_3-N 的处理。施 NH_4-N,菌根处理的边室土壤 pH 值和 Olsen-P 的含量都显著低于未接种的处理,而施硝态氮的处理菌根对pH 值的影响不显著。说明菌根对寄主植物的营养效应与环境中氮素的形态有密切的关系。     

白三叶、艹洽草、匍匐翦股颖及狗牙根在北京地区的引种建坪研究

:对 2个白三叶品种、1个 艹洽 草品种、2个翦股颖品种及 1个狗牙根品种的生长特征特性、抗病性、草坪持久性、越冬越夏性等进行了研究 ,并对其建坪特点及成坪质量作了总结 ,对其养护管理制度提出了一些建议。     

Critical factors driving aphanomyces damping‐off and root disease in clover revealed and explained using linear and generalized linear models and boosted regression trees

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is an important forage legume in Mediterranean regions worldwide. Aphanomyces damping‐off and root disease (Aphanomyces trifolii) poses significant threat to its persistence and productivity. Studies were conducted to define how environmental explanatory variables (temperature, soil type, moisture, nutrition) and variety influence disease severity and consequent forage productivity and persistence. Relationships were modelled using linear and generalized linear models and boosted regression trees. Linear modelling highlighted complex relationships between environmental variables and each dependent variable (emergence, tap and lateral root disease, dry shoot and root weight). All environmental variables produced significant interaction and/or main effects within each dependent variable. Boosted regression trees supported the complex nature of relationships in linear models, with temperature and either soil or variety most, and nutrition least, influential. Heat maps showed more disease for low temperatures. Least tap root disease was under high temperatures, while least lateral root disease was under medium or high temperatures, low moisture, and in sand‐based soil. These are the first studies using modelling approaches to reveal the complexities of how fluctuating soil temperature, moisture and nutrition conditions, and soil type and variety, determine aphanomyces damping‐off and root disease severity and resultant adverse impacts on forage legume productivity and persistence. Outcomes are widely applicable across soilborne oomycete pathogens of forage legumes. Studies highlighted how warming temperatures and drying climate associated with climate change should reduce future impact and importance of this and other soilborne oomycete diseases of forage legumes favoured by cold temperatures and wet and waterlogged conditions.     

Anaerobic co‐digestion of perennials: Methane potential and digestate nitrogen fertilizer value

Co‐digestion of crop biomass improves the traditional manure‐based biogas yield due to an increased content of easily degradable carbon compounds. In this study, the methane potential of three perennials (grass, legumes, and grass+legume) was determined using various amounts together with animal manure. The nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics in soil and the N‐fertilizer value of the derived digestates were subsequently tested in both a soil incubation study and a pot experiment with spring barley. Digestion of all tested perennials together with a manure‐based inoculum increased the cumulative methane yield four to five times compared to digestion of the inoculum alone, with the highest increases observed with pure grass. However, the methane potential decreased along with increasing grass biomass concentration. In the plant pot experiment, all tested digestates increased barley shoot biomass by 40–170%, to an extent statistically comparable to mineral N fertilizer. However, the application of the digestate originating from fermentation with pure grass resulted in lower plant growth and a more fluctuating soil mineral N content throughout the incubation study compared to the other digestates. Considering the high dry matter and methane yield ha^?1, the possibility to substitute mineral N fertilizer inputs by leguminous biological N₂ fixation capacity, and the digestate fertilizer value, the integration of grass–legume mixtures or sole legumes into anaerobic digestion systems as co‐substrate for manure seems to be promising. This could furthermore contribute to the diversification of cropping systems for bioenergy production.     

四川白三叶根瘤菌遗传多样性及系统发育研究

为阐明四川部分地区野生白三叶根瘤菌的遗传多样性及系统发育地位,对分离自四川雅安、康定、泸定、西昌、成都和乐山6个地区白三叶根瘤的69株菌进行系统研究。采用16S rDNA限制性片段长度多态性分析(restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP)和16S rDNA基因、持家基因(recA、atpD、glnII)、结瘤基因(nodC)、固氮基因(nifH)系统发育分析的方法进行了研究。结果表明,16S rDNA PCR-RFLP中所有供试菌株产生了4种酶切图谱类型,表现出较为丰富的遗传多样性。持家基因与16S rDNA基因系统发育分析结果基本一致,9株代表菌株主要分布在α-变形菌纲(Alpha-Proteobacteria)的根瘤菌属(Rhizobium),并与豌豆根瘤菌三叶草生物型(R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii) ATCC 14480^T的亲缘关系较近。PCR可扩增出nodC和nifH基因片段,但从属于土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)的菌株LS1105中则扩增不出这两个基因。所有供试菌株被鉴定到了种的水平,证实了68株为白三叶根瘤菌,并通过不同采样地点菌株之间的比较,发现白三叶与根瘤菌的共生关系因地理分布不同而具有多样性,对于丰富白三叶根瘤菌资源及其开发利用具有重要意义。