烤烟间作草木樨对烟草病害的影响*

 通过田间试验，研究了烤烟与草木樨间作对烟草病害的控制效果。结果表明： 烤烟间作草木樨处理对烟草病毒病有明显的控制效果，普通花叶病的发病率和病情指数极显著下降，防治效果为22.58%～80%。间作能不同程度地减轻烟草真菌类病害的危害，防治效果为44.50%～52.91%。在本试验条件下间作对细菌类病害的控制效果不明显。     

基因型对红三叶异黄酮含量的影响

采用高效液相色谱法,对4个不同红三叶品种的异黄酮含量进行了分析,发现基因型对红三叶的异黄酮总含量影响显著,4个供试材料的异黄酮总含量为:新品系R-1>瑞德>岷山>多丽.基因型对红三叶各异黄酮单体含量变化影响不同,对大豆黄素含量的变化影响最大,对刺芒柄花素含量的变化影响最小.红三叶积累刺芒柄花素的能力最高,其次是鹰嘴豆芽...     

VA菌根菌丝-土壤界面(菌丝际)养分分布模拟方法研究

提出了菌丝-土壤界面(菌丝际)新概念,创立了定量测定菌丝际微域土壤养分分布的盆栽模拟新方法,并以磷为例说明了菌丝吸收对菌丝周围养分变化的影响。     

覆盖与间作对亚热带丘陵区茶园土壤微生物量的影响

在亚热带丘陵区红壤幼龄茶园经过4年稻草覆盖及间作三叶草田间小区试验，对土壤剖面分析结果表明．稻草覆盖及间作三叶草均能明显增加土壤表层有机C、碱解N、有效P．增加土壤微生物量C、N、P。剖面中土壤有机C、微生物量C、全N、碱解N、土壤微生物量N、全P、有效P、微生物量P随深度的增加而递减。稻草覆盖影响到40cm土层左右，阃作白三叶草影响到20cm左右。0～20cm土层微生物量C／有机CT2〉T3〉T1，3个处理微生物量N／全N在1．02～2．74之间，微生物量P和全P比值在2．27～13．1之间。亚热带丘陵区红壤幼龄茶园土壤微生物量碳与土壤有机碳C、碱解N、微生物量N、有效P、微生物量P具有极显著的正相关关系（P〈0．01），与全N、全P呈显著的正相关关系（P〈0．05）。     

Use of nutrient: phosphorus ratios to evaluate the effects of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake in unsterilized soils

Summary Red clover was grown in soil previously treated with P at various rates, and growth, nutrient uptake, nutrient uptake in relation to phosphorus values, and levels of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection were determined. The soil was a silty clay loam and Glomus lacteum was the only fungus colonizing the plant roots. An examination of the effects of various rates of P application and of VAM colonization on nutrient (P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn) uptake showed that the Mg : P ratio significantly increased and the Mn : P ratio significantly decreased with increasing VAM infection. It is concluded that in the Trifolium pratense-Glomus lacteum symbiosis, mycorrhizae improve Mg uptake and depress Mn uptake.     

Vernachlässigte Phosphor‐ und Kaliumdüngung im ökologischen Landbau senkt die biologische Stickstofffixierung bei Rotklee und den Kornertrag bei nachfolgendem Hafer

Neglected P and K fertilization in organic farming reduces N₂ fixation and grain yield in a red clover‐oat rotation N₂ fixation is the most important N source in organic farming. An insufficient P, K, and S supply to legumes may reduce their N₂ fixation capacity. Consequently, the total yield of plant production may also be reduced. This problem was studied in a pot experiment with red clover followed by oat. Soil was taken from a field where organic farming had been practiced for more than 30 years without applying any mineral fertilizers or buying additional fodder. The soil (luvisol from loess) was characterized by: pH (CaCl₂) 5.4; lactate‐soluble (CAL) P 5 mg kg^–1 and K 110 mg kg^–1. 6 kg dry soil were mixed with 400 mg P applied as (i) triplesuperphosphate (TSP), (ii) rock phosphate (RP) or (iii) compost from organic household residues (BAK). An additional treatment (iv) with TSP received 1000 mg K as K₂SO₄ (TSP+K) and an additional treatment with RP (v) received only 200 mg P (RP/2). A control treatment received no fertilizer. P application significantly improved the P nutritional status of the plants (P content) and increased the N amount in the shoots of red clover (with 400 mg P per pot by 64 % to 139 % as compared to the control) and the dry matter (DM) yield by 60 % to 130 %. No significant differences between TSP and RP were found. The application of BAK resulted in a significantly higher N yield than the application of RP and TSP. The treatment TSP+K resulted in the highest DM yield (230 %), removal of P was 343 %, of K 228 %, and of N 239 % as compared to the control plants. This indicates a synergistic effect of P, K, and S on N₂ fixation, which was also found with BAK. Oat grown after red clover increased its grain yield by 132 % (200 mg P as RP) to 165 % (400 mg P treatments). This was mainly due to a higher P uptake (up to 172 %) and a higher N uptake (up to 172 %) as compared to the control.     

Diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium ambiguum</Emphasis>—nodulating rhizobia from the lower Caucasus

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.) is a perennial rhizomatous forage legume whose use is currently limited by difficulties in its establishment in part attributable to nodulation problems and very specific rhizobial requirements. A limited number of Kura clover-nodulating rhizobial strains are currently available and many have a limited effectiveness. In this study, 128 rhizobia were isolated from four sites in the center of origin of Kura clover (i.e., two in Azerbaijan, one in Armenia, and one in Northwest Iran) using the three ploidy levels of Kura clover (diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) plants as trap hosts. Rhizobia were fingerprinted using repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (BOXA1R primer) and their genetic diversity was measured using the Shannon-Weaver diversity index. The nodulation specificity and phenotypic diversity of a subset of 13 isolates was determined. Genetic diversity among the 128 isolates was large and similar for rhizobia grouped according to their geographic origin or original host plant. Phenotypic diversity was significant; percentage of similarity among 13 isolates ranging between 38 and 92%. Nodulation specificity of the Kura clover-nodulating rhizobial isolates studied was less complex and not as clearly delineated as previously reported. Some strains originally isolated from Kura clover could effectively nodulate more than one ploidy level of Kura clover and even one or both of two other Trifolium species (i.e., red clover and white clover). Three strains formed effective nodules on both Kura clover and white clover; however, none promoted plant growth of both species to levels currently obtained with commercial inoculants when evaluated in a growth chamber. Rhizobial isolates that are highly effective with both species have yet to be identified.     

Response of organically managed grassland to available phosphorus and potassium in the soil and supplementary fertilization: field trials using grass–clover leys cut for silage

Abstract. Effective use and recycling of manures together with occasional and judicious use of supplementary fertilizing materials forms the basis for management of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) within organic farming systems. Replicated field trials were established at three sites across the UK to compare the supply of P and K to grass–clover swards cut for silage from a range of fertilizing materials, and to assess the usefulness of routine soil tests for P and K in organic farming systems. None of the fertilizing materials (farmyard manure, rock phosphate, Kali vinasse, volcanic tuff) significantly increased silage yields, nor was P offtake increased. However, farmyard manure and Kali vinasse proved effective sources of K to grass and clover in the short to medium term. Available P (measured as Olsen-P) showed no clear relationship with crop P offtake in these trials. In contrast, available K (measured by ammonium nitrate extraction) proved a useful measurement to predict K availability to crops and support K management decisions.     

红三叶再生草的生物学特性研究

对红三叶再生草的生物学特性进行了研究，发现随着刈割次数的增加，该牧草再生草达到相同生育期时的时间、株高、单株重和产草量等都有按一定规律逐渐减少或降低的趋势，作者拟把这种特性称之为“相同生育期再生草生长的序时递减规律”。     

红三叶N、P、K、Ca、Mg元素含量与动态研究

本文研究了红三叶（Trifoliumpratense）各器官在不同生育期N、P、K、Ca、Mg等元素的含量，目的在于揭示其各器官对N、P、K、Ca、Mg的积累能力、对不同元素的选择性吸收以及N、P、K、Ca、Mg在各器官的季节动态。结果表明：红三叶不同器官对各元素的积累能力不同，N：叶＞花＞根＞茎；P：花＞叶＞根＞茎；K和Ca：叶＞花＞茎＞根；Mg：根＞叶＞茎＞花。不同器官对元素选择性吸收系列不同，根为N＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P；茎：N＞Ca＞K＞Mg＞P；叶：N＞Ca＞K＞P＞Mg；花：N＞Ca＞K＞P＞Mg；红三叶是一种典型的N－Ca型植物。此外，K、P、K、Ca、Mg在根、茎、叶、花中的动态变化有6种基本类型，Ⅰ－渐增型（／）、Ⅱ－递减型（＼）、Ⅲ－U型、Ⅳ－∩型、Ⅴ－增波型（～）、Ⅳ－降波型（～）。