Characterization of brushite as a re-crystallization product formed during bacterial solubilization of hydroxyapatite in batch cultures

Two strains of bacteria (Burkholderia sp., strain FeGL01, and Burkholderia caribiensis, strain FeGL03) were isolated from a Brazilian high phosphorus iron ore. The capacity of both strains to solubilize hydroxyapatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH), was assessed in plate and batch cultures. In batch cultures, the concentration of solution-P showed two kinetics: an initial one, characterized by a continuously increasing kinetics and a second one, characterized by oscillatory kinetics. To understand the nature of these oscillations, phosphatic residues in the spent broth were collected before, during and after the oscillations, and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray chemical microanalyses (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). From these studies, it was found that drops in P concentration were related to the formation of an intermediate phosphate in the residues, identified as brushite, CaHPO₄·2H₂O. Later increase of available P in the solution was found to be a consequence of re-dissolution of brushite crystals previously formed. Re-crystallization of brushite was also detected in plate cultures after 12-14 days of incubation     

由石灰性冲积物发育而来的排水不良和排水良好的土壤中游离氧化物的分布

A study on the distribution of free iron and manganese oxides was conducted in soils developed on calcareous alluvial deposits under subhumid climatic conditions, in Western Greece. Soil samples from two well drained soils and from two poorly drained soils, classified as Alfisols, were collected and used in this study. After certification of soil homogeneity the acid ammonium oxalate and dithionite-citrate-bicaxbonate methods were used to extract free iron and manganese oxides from the samples. Iron oxides extracted by the dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate method (Fed) were significantly higher than the iron oxides extracted by the ammonium oxalate method (Feo), indicating that a considerable fraction is present in crystalline forms, independent of drainage status. A confirmation of free iron oxides and fine clay was detected. The ratios Feo/Fed and (Fed-Feo)/total Fe (Fet) could not be used to distinguish the well drained soils from the poorly drained soils. Manganese movement in a soluble form is independent of the fine clay.     

长江中游水稻土潜育作用的特点

The gleyization of representative paddy soils in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River was characterized, taking oxidation-reduction potential(Eh), the amount of active reducing substances and the forms of iron and manganese as the parameters. The Eh value was linearly related with the logarithm of the amount of active reducing substances, which was contributed by ferrous iron by 83% on an average. The degree of gleyization of different horizons was graded as ungleyed, slightly gleyed, mildly gleyed and gleyed. The Eh of the four grades was > 500, 300-500, 100-300 and < 100 mV, respectively, and the corresponding amount of active reducing substances was < 1, 1-7, 7-30 and > 30 mmol_c kg^-1, respectively. The amount of ferrous iron of the four grades was < 0.5, 0.5-5, 5-25 and > 25 mmol kg^-1, respectively. The extent of gleyization of a soil was classified as upper-gleyed, middle-gleyed and lower-gleyed, depending on whether the depth of the gley horizon was less than 30 cm, 30-60 cm or more than 60 cm.     

Competition for electron donors among nitrate reducers,ferric iron reducers,sulfate reducers,and methanogens in anoxic paddy soil

Slurries of anoxic paddy soil were either freshly prepared or were partially depleted in endogenous electron donors by prolonged incubation under anaerobic conditions. Endogenous NO ₃ ^– was reduced within 4 h, followed by reduction of Fe³⁺ and SO ₄ ^2– , and later by production of CH₄. Addition of NO ₃ ^– slightly inhibited the production of Fe²⁺ in the depleted but not in the fresh paddy soil. Inhibition was overcome by the addition of H₂, acetate, or a mixture of fatty acids (and other compounds), indicating that these compounds served as electron donors for the bacteria reducing NO ₃ ^– and/or ferric iron. Addition on NO ₃ ^– also inhibited the reduction of SO ₄ ^2– in the depleted paddy soil. This inhibition was only overcome by H₂, but not by acetate or a mixture of compounds, indicating that H₂ was the predominant electron donor for the bacteria involved in NO ₃ ^– and/or SO ₄ ^2– reduction. SO ₄ ^2– reduction was also inhibited by exogenous Fe³⁺, but only in the depleted paddy soil. This inhibition was overcome by either H₂, acetate, or a mixture of compounds, suggesting that they served as electron donors for reduction of Fe³⁺ and/or SO ₄ ²⁺ . CH₄ production was inhibited by NO ₃ ^– both in depleted and in fresh paddy soil. Fe³⁺ and SO ₄ ^2– also inhibited methanogenesis, but the inhibition was stronger in the depleted than in the fresh paddy soil. Inhibition of CH₄ production was paralleled by a decrease in the steady state concentration of H₂ to a level which provided a free enthalpy of less than G=–17 kJ mol^-1 CH₄ compared to more than G=–32 kJ mol^-1 CH₄ in the control. The results indicate that in the presence of exogenous fe³⁺ or SO ₄ ²⁺ , methanogenic bacteria were outcompeted for H₂ by bacteria reducing Fe³⁺ or SO ₄ ²⁺ .Deceased on 27 December 1992     

Effect of iron deficiency on the growth,development and grain yield of some selected upland rice genotypes in the rainforest

Abstract

Iron deficiency is a major production constraint of upland rice in the tropics despite is abundance in the soil. This investigation aimed to explicate the effect of iron deficiency on the growth, development, grain yield and its attributes of some selected upland rice in the rainforest. Field experiments were established at Africa Rice sub-Station, Ibadan, Nigeria. The treatments consisted of 35 upland rice genotypes and availability of iron in the soil (Fe-sufficient and Fe-deficient). The treatments were arranged in alpha lattice design with three replications. It was observed that upland rice sown in iron (Fe) deficient soils had significantly lower growth (plant height, number of tillers and seedling vigor), flowered later, with significantly lower yield attributes (1000 grain weight, filled grain) and grain yield than those sown in Fe-sufficient soils. Conversely, the number of unfilled grains were significantly higher in upland rice sown in Fe-deficient than those in sufficient soils. Percentage yield loss was in the range 98.00% to 22.95% for China best and Faro 65 respectively. Genotypes were identified to be tolerant (Faro 65, NERICA 3 and IRAT 109) and susceptible (Ofada 2, NERICA 5 and China Best) to Fe-deficiency based on their percentage grain yield loss. These evidences suggested that despite the increased phenology of upland rice sown in Fe-deficient soils their reproductive growth was suppressed through increased number of unfilled grains as witnessed in China Best and Faro 64.     

福建若干山地土壤不同形态氧化铁的主组元分析

研究福建4条代表性山地土壤垂直带谱中铁的形态的结果表明,氧化铁的活化度和游离度随海拔升高而呈现规律性的变化,应用主组元分析法,前两个主组元全铁和游离铁的累计贡献率已达85％以上。据此认为,氧化铁的活化度可以作为划分常湿润铁铝土亚纲和湿润铁铝土亚纲的一项参考依据。     

几种土壤中不同形态铁及无定形硅铝的比较研究

分析研究白浆土、黑土和草甸土三类土壤不同形态铁和无定形硅铝表明,游离氧化铁的量在各类土中均为表层大于底层;铁的活化度白浆土高于黑土,而白浆土的白浆层又高于腐殖质层和淀积层;无定形硅、铝在白装土中层次之间分异明显,说明有淋淀现象发生,在黑土和草甸土中差异不大;新鲜有机质对铁的活化有显著作用,络合态铁和土壤腐殖质含量呈明显的正相关。     

外源物质对水稻土铁还原的影响

在厌氧恒温培养条件下 ,测定了添加 EDTA、黄腐酸及醋酸盐对 4种不同水稻土中铁还原的影响。为了探讨不同土壤中微生物对铁的还原能力 ,以添加人工合成的 Fe(OH ) 3作为对比。结果表明 ,添加黄腐酸及醋酸盐对铁还原的影响在不同水稻土中表现不同 ,其中吉林和广东水稻土的变化明显 ,并且醋酸盐的作用大于黄腐酸 ;四川和江西水稻土添加黄腐酸及醋酸盐后铁还原量与对照没有显著差异。添加 Fe(OH) 3在吉林水稻土中能够引起铁还原的滞后现象 ,但最终的铁还原量与四川及江西水稻土相似 ,都较对照有明显的增加。在 2 5℃条件下培养 ,不同土壤中易还原氧化铁的数量不同 ,表现为吉林水稻土 >四川水稻土 >广东水稻土 >江西水稻土 ,其中广东水稻土中具有很大的铁还原潜力。     

三江平原湿地开垦对地表水中可溶性铁分布特征的影响

选取三江平原湿地开垦前后具有代表性的地表水类型，以空间换时间的方法对比分析了湿地开垦对地表水中可溶性铁（WSIFe）含量与形态分布的影响。结果表明，在田块尺度上，湿地地表积水、排水中WSIFe的含量均值分别为2.20、1.75mg·L^-1;开垦为大豆田后地表无积水，排水中降为1.34mg·L^-1;开垦为水田后分别增加为2.76、2.38mg·L^-1，这与使用铁含量较高的地下水灌溉有关。在区域尺度上，虽然湿地开垦导致沼泽性河流中WSIFe含量降低，但目前含量（均值为0.66mg·L^-1）仍高于黑龙江（0.34mg·L^-1），是黑龙江WSIFe的重要来源;农田排水干渠中WSIFe含量均值为0.42mg·L^-1，也是黑龙江WSIFe的来源之一，但其贡献量低于沼泽性河流;湿地开垦减少了地表水中WSIFe向黑龙江的输出。湿地开垦后地表水中Fe^3＋的相对含量在田块尺度上出现增加，在区域尺度上有所降低，湿地开垦前后地表水中WSIFe的主要存在形态均为Fe^3＋。无论是田块尺度还是区域尺度，湿地开垦后地表水中WSIFe含量的季节变化都与灌溉活动有关。