贵州省十丈洞景区气生和亚气生蓝藻区系及生态分布

通过2013年8月和2014年9月在贵州省十丈洞景区采集的167个样本,对贵州省赤水市十丈洞景区气生和亚气生蓝藻的区系及生态分布进行了研究,共鉴定出气生和亚气生蓝藻254种,分别隶属于10科35属。初步讨论了蓝藻在不同生境的分布规律和群落形态的分布特点.结果表明。十丈洞的气生和亚气生蓝藻种类丰富,亚气生环境中出现215种,气生环境中出现180种;优势科为色球藻科(Chroococcaceae)、石囊藻科(Entophysalidaceae)和颤藻科(Oscillatoriaceae),优势属为粘杆藻属(Gloeothece)、色球藻属(Chroococcus)、粘球藻属(Gloeocapsa)、星球藻属(Asterocapsa)、隐球藻属(Aphanocapsa)、席藻属(Phormidium)、颤藻属(Oscillatoria)、鞘丝藻属(Lyngbya)、伪枝藻属(Scytonema);该区的藻类群落按形态分为胶质群落、皮壳状群落、垫状群落和粉末状群落4种;该区的藻类主要是由世界广泛分布的普生性种类和热带与亚热带的常见种构成;与其他地区的比较显示,属于丹霞地貌的十丈洞景区更适合气生和亚气生蓝藻的生长。     

外来害虫稻水象甲入侵广西水稻主产区的风险分析

[目的]分析稻水象甲在全国的适生性和入侵广西水稻主产区的风险,为制定其防治措施提供参考依据.[方法]运用DK-GARP模型分析稻水象甲在全国的适生性,分析其在广西的扩散风险.[结果]目前,稻水象甲已蔓延到我国东北、西北、华北、华中、华东、西南等20个省(市),主要为近沿海城市和部分内陆城市;在广西周边省份如湖南、云南、贵州均已有该虫分布.预测结果表明,28个省(区)将成为稻水象甲的高风险区.随着中国与东盟国家的经济及国际贸易的发展,稻水象甲在广西扩散的途径和机会越来越多;此外,广西优越的地理和气候条件非常适合稻水象甲的生长繁殖.[建议]广西已成为稻水象甲扩散的高风险地区,必须提高警惕,加强检验检疫,从源头上堵截疫情,严防稻水象甲入侵.     

云南主要外来人侵植物初步研究

通过野外调查与查阅资料,统计出云南主要外来入侵植物有55种,隶属于21科47属;可分为严重危害种、潜在严重危害种、严重入侵种、有毒入侵种、一般入侵种及潜在危害种;许多入侵植物已对云南的生态和经济造成危害;分析了外来入侵植物传入云南的途径,并针对存在问题提出建议.     

Host plant suitability,population dynamics and parasitoids of the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in southern Sweden

Abstract

The spread of Cameraria ohridella in Sweden and population dynamics were monitored with pheromone traps during 2007–2009. The most northerly location where the moth was trapped and mines were observed was Uppsala (59°52′N, 17°38′E). The host plant range of C. ohridella and infestation levels of Aesculus spp. were assessed in southern Sweden. Aesculus hippocastanum and its varieties, A. turbinata and A.×hemiacantha were the most susceptible. No damage was observed on A.×carnea, A. parviflora and A. chinensis.

Studies of the parasitoid complex of C. ohridella revealed that the dominant parasite species was the braconid Colastes braconius, followed by the eulophids Minotetrastichus frontalis and Pnigalio agraules.     

喜旱莲子草的利用现状及展望

喜旱莲子草[Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb]在农业上可以作为饲料、肥料、栽培食用菌、制作沼气,并用于水稻育种;在污染治理上的主要应用在净化水体、富集重金属上;在医药上主要应用在抑菌、抗病毒、护肝、抗肿瘤上。笔者综述了近年来国内外对喜旱莲子草利用和研究的进展,并对其未来利用进行了展望。     

Changes in Soil Biota Resulting from Growth of the Invasive Weed,Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.（Compositae）, Enhance Its Success and Reduce Growth of Co-Occurring Plants

Exotic plant invasion presents a serious threat to native ecosystem structure and function. Little is known about the role of soil microbial communities in facilitating or resisting the spread of invasive plants into native communities. The purpose of this research is to understand how the invasive annual plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. facilitates its competition capacity through changing the structure and function of soil microbial communities. The soil characteristics of different areas invaded by A. artemisiifolia were examined. Greenhouse experiments were designed to assess the effect of A. artemisiifolia invasion-induced changes of soil biota on co-occurring plant growth, and on the interactions between A. artemisiifolia and three co-occurring plant species. The results showed that the soil organic C content was the highest in heavily invaded sites, the lowest in native plant sites, and intermediate in newly invaded sites. Soil available N, P and K concentrations in heavily invaded site were 2.4, 1.9 and 1.7 times higher than those in native plant soil, respectively. Soil pH decreased as A. artemisiifolia invasion intensity increased, and was lower in invaded sites（heavily invaded and newly invaded） than in native plant sites. The soil microbial community structure was clearly separated in the three types of sites, and A. artemisiifolia invasion increased anaerobe, sulfate-reducing bacteria and actinomycete abundance. Soil biota of invaded sites inhibits growth of co-occurring plants（Galinsoga parvifloraCav., Medicago sativa L. and Setaria plicata（Lam.） T. Cooke.） compared to soil biota from un-invaded sites, but facilitates A. artemisiifolia growth and competition with co-occurring plants. A. artemisiifolia biomass was 50-130% greater when competing with three co-occurring plants, compared to single-species competition only（invasion by A. artemisiifolia alone）, in heavily invaded soil. Results of the present study indicated that A. artemisiifolia invasion alters the soil microbial communit     

Coralligenous assemblages along their geographical distribution: Testing of concepts and implications for management

• 1. The coralligenous habitat was studied at the large Mediterranean scale, by applying a standardized, non‐destructive photo‐sampling protocol, developed in the framework of the CIGESMED project.
• 2. The results provided evidence to support the following statements: (a) the assemblage pattern is not homogeneously distributed across the four Mediterranean ecoregions studied (biotic gradients hypothesis); and (b) the assemblage pattern does not change significantly when the information is aggregated to higher taxonomic levels (taxonomic sufficiency hypothesis).
• 3. Surrogate taxonomic categories higher than species, such as genus and family, can be used to reveal the multivariate pattern of the coralligenous assemblages.
• 4. Although preliminary at the pan‐Mediterranean scale, these outcomes set the scene for future comparisons as more data sets become available but also for comparisons between taxonomic and functional patterns.

     

长江江苏段浮游植物群落结构特征调查报告

2004年9月￣2005年3月长江江苏段枯、平、丰3个水期的浮游植物的采集调查,共检出长江江苏段浮游植物10门96属168种(包括未定种),其中绿藻门64种,占38.10%;硅藻门58种,占34.52%;蓝藻门25种,占14.88%;裸藻门8种,占4.76%;黄藻门5种,占2.98%;金藻门3种,占1.79%;甲藻门2种,占1.19%;红藻门、隐藻门和轮藻门各1种,占0.60%。丰水期浮游植物优势群为直链藻(Melosira)、颤藻(Oscilatoria)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria)和纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus);平水期优势群为直链藻(Melosira)、颤藻(Oscilatoria)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria)、微孢藻(Microspora)和圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus);枯水期优势群为星杆藻(Asteri-onella.)、新月藻(Closterium)、直链藻(Melosira)和脆杆藻(Fragilaria)。各江段浮游密度都以枯水期最高,基本以丰水期为最低。     

Natural diet of grapsoid crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plagusia dentipes</Emphasis> de Haan (Decapoda: Brachyura: Plagusiidae) in Tateyama Bay,Japan

The natural diet of Plagusia dentipes de Haan was studied in Tateyama Bay, Japan, between June 2004 and May 2005. A total of 389 specimens were collected for analysis of stomach content during the period, with sizes ranging between 7.1 and 63.1 mm in carapace width. The major dietary item was rhodophycean algae (mostly articulated coralline algae), which was ingested by 91.8% of the crabs and accounted on average for 55.6% (points) of the volume of stomach contents. Chlorophycean algae (mostly Ulvaceae, 39.1% and 8.1 points) and crustaceans (mostly amphipods, 38% and 3 points) came next in feeding frequency and volume. Minor dietary items also included other algae such as Phaeophyceae and animals such as mollusks (bivalves, gastropods), annelids (polychaetes), other crustaceans (caprellids, isopods), and echinoids. Significant seasonal dietary differences were observed and, in general, the diet in spring contained more food items, particularly more animals, compared to other seasons. Feeding of Rhodophyceae was highest and lowest in winter and summer, respectively. The total volume of food consumed was also lowest in summer and likely reflected reduced availability of the main food item in this season. There were no differences in dietary items between male and female crabs. In conclusion. P. dentipes is a primarily herbivorous crab with incidental or opportunistic feeding on animal items, and it is suggested that seasonal shifts in consumption may be related to growth, molting, and reproductive activity.     

The introduction of the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) to west and central Europe

The European bitterling is considered to be a native species over much of its present range in Europe. A dramatic decline in its abundance from 1960 to 1980 in west and central Europe, attributed to aquatic pollution, led to the establishment of stringent national and international regulations for protection of the species. Here, we review the evidence that until AD 1100 the bitterling was restricted to the Ponto‐Caspian and Aegean regions (south‐eastern Europe and adjacent regions of Asia Minor) and only expanded into its present range during the 19th century. The earliest records of bitterling in west and central Europe are from regions where carp cultivation was common and the bitterling appears to have spread into this region in association with the gradual expansion of carp cultivation. After an initial period of expansion, between approximately 1150 and 1560 in regions with carp cultivation, the species virtually disappeared from Europe during the coldest period of the Little Ice Age. Bitterling reappeared at the end of the 18th century, initially in historical centres of carp cultivation, and was again abundant and widespread in Europe by around 1850. Its reappearance appears to have been through expansion of refuge populations as well as new invasions. The decline in abundance of bitterling during the period 1960–80 in west and central Europe appears not only to have been caused by pollution, as is generally believed, but may also be correlated with low spring temperatures. From approximately 1980 onwards the European bitterling once again expanded its distribution in many parts of Europe, particularly in eastern Europe. This recent expansion may be due to a combination of factors, including a rise in ambient temperature coupled with an increase in anthropogenic dispersal and changes to aquatic habitats favourable to bitterling. Thus, the bitterling, which is legally protected in Europe at a national and international level as an endangered indigenous species, is actually an invasive species and a parasite of freshwater mussels. Its current expansion in distribution could pose a hazard to freshwater mussel populations in regions where they are already threatened.