生物农药在草坪病害防治中的应用研究

以3种草坪致病真菌为试材,采用室内生长速率法测定了木霉菌Trichoderma spp与三者互作关系.结果表明,木霉菌与3种致病真菌间均存在明显的互作关系,其互作类型与作用强度各不相同:木霉菌与立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani间存在拮抗作用,但抑制强度不大; 木霉菌与腐霉菌Pythium aphanidermatum不仅存在拮抗作用,且对腐霉菌的抑制强度较大; 木霉菌与镰刀菌Fuarium spp.间存在明显的协生作用.     

Glufosinate and ammonium sulfate inhibit atrazine degradation in adapted soils

The co-application of glufosinate with nitrogen fertilizers may alter atrazine cometabolism, thereby extending the herbicide’s residual weed control in adapted soils. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of glufosinate, ammonium sulfate, and the combination of glufosinate and ammonium sulfate on atrazine mineralization in a Dundee silt loam exhibiting enhanced atrazine degradation. Application of glufosinate at rates of 10 to 40 mg kg⁻¹ soil extended the lag phase 1 to 2 days and reduced the maximum degradation rate by 15% to 30%. However, cumulative atrazine mineralization averaged 85% 21 days after treatment and was independent of treatment. Maximum daily rates of atrazine mineralization were reduced from 41% to 55% by application of 1 to 8 g kg⁻¹ of ammonium sulfate. Similarly, cumulative atrazine mineralization was inversely correlated with ammonium sulfate rates ranging from 1.0 to 8 g kg⁻¹ soil. Under the conditions of this laboratory study, atrazine degradation was relatively insensitive to exogenous mineral nitrogen, in that 8 g (NH₄)₂SO₄ per kilogram soil repressed but did not completely inhibit atrazine mineralization. Moreover, an additive effect on reducing atrazine mineralization was observed when glufosinate was co-applied with ammonium sulfate. In addition, ammonium fertilization alters the partitioning of ¹⁴C-atrazine metabolite accumulation and nonextractable residues, indicating that ammonium represses cleavage of the triazine ring. Consequently, results indicate that the co-application of glufosinate with N may increase atrazine persistence under field conditions thereby extending atrazine residual weed control in adapted soils.     

Holoparasitic Cuscuta campestris suppresses invasive Mikania micrantha and contributes to native community recovery

Traditional biocontrol uses introduced non-native agents to control alien invasive species. Recently, using species of the invaded regions to control invaders has been proposed as a potential alternative to traditional biocontrol. To explore the effects of the obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris in the invaded regions on controlling the alien invasive weed Mikania micrantha and on recovering the heavily invaded communities in the coastal Guangdong Province in South China, we conducted a field survey in four sites on the Neilingding Island where Cuscuta has been artificially introduced to the Mikania-invaded communities for one to 4 years, and also three sites in Shenzhen, Dongguan and Haifeng where the Mikania-invaded communities have been naturally parasitized by Cuscuta for at least 5 years. Cuscuta effectively suppressed the growth and invasiveness of Mikania, leading to its decline. The restraint on Mikania by Cuscuta increased richness and diversity of native plants, contributing to native community recovery. Moreover, Cuscuta declined with decreasing Mikania, and its parasitism rate on Mikania was much higher than that on the native species, suggesting little non-target effects. The effects of Cuscuta varied little among sites of Shenzhen, Dongguan and Haifeng, but increased greatly with time of introduction on the Neilingding Island. Our results suggest that Cuscuta is an effective agent for controlling Mikania, and that enemies of the invaded regions may be a promising alternative to traditional biocontrol.     

Integrated weight longlines with paired streamer lines - Best practice to prevent seabird bycatch in demersal longline fisheries

To evaluate a new technology - integrated weight longlines (IW) - as a viable seabird mitigation technology for demersal longline fisheries, we compared three experimental mitigation treatments, IW line alone, IW with paired streamer lines (IWPS) and unweighted longlines (UW) with PS (UWPS), to a control of no deterrent (UW alone). Trials took place on two vessels targeting Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) over a five-month period in the Bering Sea, Alaska, USA. We used multiple criteria for evaluations - catch rates of all taxa, seabird abundance and attack rate, and gear sink rate and performance - making this study the largest and most comprehensive experiment of its kind.All mitigation technologies dramatically decreased seabird bycatch rates while having little to no effect on fish catch rates. Mitigation was more effective for surface foraging seabirds (Fulmarus glacialis and Larus spp.) than for diving seabirds (short-tailed shearwaters, Puffinus tenuirostris), reducing mortality rates by 91-100% and 80-97%, respectively. Based on multiple criteria, IWPS performed best, sinking gear within the protection of streamer lines eliminating surface forager catch completely and reducing shearwater catch by 97%, relative to the control. UWPS, status quo in the Alaska fishery, and IW alone performed similarly reducing surface forager catch rates by 98% and 91%, respectively, and shearwater rates by 87% and 80%, respectively. Seabird abundance and attack rate were poor proxies of seabird mortality, especially for IW gear. IW lines reduced the distance astern that birds have access to sinking baits by near half and its handling qualities proved superior to UW. We conclude that IW longlines and paired streamer lines are the core mitigation techniques and when deployed together, constitute the best management practice for seabird conservation in demersal longline fisheries using autoline systems.     

Effects of Soil-Applied Materials on the Dry Weight and Boron Uptake of Maize Shoots (Zea Mays L.) Under High Boron Conditions

High concentrations of boron (B) in the soil, reduces plant growth, crops’ yield and quality. Regarding such problem, synergistic and antagonistic relations between the nutrients can be used to ameliorate the B toxicity. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of soil-applied zinc (Zn), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), lime (CaCO₃), potassium (K), humic acid (HA), and humus on the dry weight and B uptake of maize shoots (Zea mays L.) under high-B containing soil conditions. Increasing doses of B (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg kg^?1 B) were applied to soil as borax (Na₂B₄O₇10H₂O), and boric acid (H₃BO₃). Positive correlations were found between B doses and the uptake amounts (r = 0.934**; – 0.964**). However, the correlations between the dry weight and B doses (r = ?0.314**; – r = ?0.495**) and between the dry weight and the uptake amounts (r = ?0.294*; – r = ?0.497**) were negative. Among the materials, Zn and humus exhibited positive correlations with dry weight values (r = 0.249*; r = 0.525**), and an effective increase (p < 0.01) in the dry weight amounts of maize shoots was observed under toxic B conditions.     

Effects of crop-slope interaction on slope runoff and erosion in the Loess Plateau

Crops are the most important ground cover on slope farmland and have a significant impact on the soil erosion. But soil erosion on slope farmland is also affected by many other factors, such as topography and rainfall. In order to explore the effect of crop growth on soil erosion on different slope gradient of slope farmland, and analyze the interaction of crop growth and slope gradient on soil erosion, this study used artificial simulated rainfall to observe the runoff rates and soil loss amounts under different slope gradients for maize, soybeans, and winter wheat in different growth stages. Results showed that crops and slope gradient both significantly affected production and development of slope runoff. Compared with bare land, mean runoff rate on slopes was reduced by 24%, 32%, and 94% respectively, and sediment yield was decreased by 44%, 55%, and 99% respectively on maize, soybean, and winter wheat fields. Inhibitory effects of crops on slope runoff rate and sediment yield were enhanced with crop growth and decreased with increasing slope gradient. Crop growth and coverage could offset the impact of increasing slope gradient on runoff and sediment to some extent and reduced water and soil loss on slopes. Sediment yield was produced largely when the slope gradient was greater than 10 degrees on maize and soybean fields, but soil erosion was effectively inhibited when the slope gradient was less than 15 degrees on winter wheat fields. Crop planting can effectively reduce the impact of slope gradient on soil erosion, especially during the flourishing period of crop growth.     

植物挥发物介导的种内与种间关系研究进展

植物通过释放的挥发性有机化合物(Volatile organic compounds,VOCs)介导其与周围环境中同种和不同种生物的相互作用,从吸引传粉、种子传播媒介,到保护自己免受植食性动物、病原菌和寄生生物的侵害等。植物挥发物尤其是虫害诱导挥发物是近30年来化学生态学和植物保护领域的研究热点。本文综述了近年来植物挥发物介导的种内与种间关系的研究进展,主要概括了植物挥发物的基本特征,植物挥发物在调控植物种内及种间、植物与昆虫、植物–害虫–天敌三营养级关系、以及植物与微生物互作中的生态学功能,并对其在农业生产中的应用和前景进行分析,总结这一领域尚未解决和亟需深入研究的问题,为植物挥发物应用于有害生物的控制提供理论依据。     

紫外光谱法研究环糊精对2,4-滴丙酸甲酯对映体的包合作用

    采用紫外光谱法研究β-环糊精(β-CD)、羧甲基-β-环糊精(CM-β-CD)和部分甲基化-β-环糊精(PM-β-CD)对 2,4-滴丙酸甲酯包合作用的对映体差异.在298.15～318.15 K的温度范围内,3种环糊精均能与2,4-滴丙酸甲酯形成 1∶1 型的包合物,其包合常数值大小依次为 KPM-β-CDKCM-β-CD>Kβ-CD,且随着温度的升高而降低.经计算,热力学参数ΔG、ΔH 和ΔS 均为负值,说明包合反应是放热反应且能自发进行,焓变是形成包合物的主要驱动力.对于同一环糊精主体而言,R-2,4-滴丙酸甲酯比 S-2,4-滴丙酸甲酯易于被包合,且 KR /KS 的顺序与包合常数 K 值的次序一致.     

Interaction Between Cryptococcus laurentii, Monilinia fructicola, and Sweet Cherry Fruit at Different Temperatures

The present study was performed mainly to investigate the antagonist-pathogen-host interaction in wounds of the sweet cherry fruits. The antagonistic yeast Cryptococcus laurentii could significantly reduce the brown rot of the sweet cherry fruit caused by Monilinia fructicola at 25 and 1 ℃. The populations of yeast increased faster in the presence of the pathogen initially, but then decreased rapidly. In the fruits inoculated with M. fructicola alone or combined with C. laurentii, an induction of lipid peroxidation as well as activities of the antioxidant enzymes, such as, superoxide dismutases （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and peroxidase （POD）, was observed. The isoenzyme pattern of polypheno/oxidase （PPO） changed greatly after the symptoms appeared, with new PPO isoforms being induced. By contrast, the induction of lipid peroxidation and activities of SOD, CAT, and POD were low, although no significant changes were found in the PPO isoenzyms in the fruits inoculated with antagonist C. laurentii alone. The inhibition of brown rot during the antagonist- pathogen-host interaction in wounds of the sweet cherry fruits was mainly on account of the stimulated growth of C. laurentii as well as the induction of antioxidant enzymes of the fruits by M. fructicola.     

水浮莲(Pistia stratiotes L．)对NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N吸收动力学研究

水体中的营养元素过多（特别是氮、磷）所导致的富营养化现象已是全球性的环境问题。近来利用大型维管束植物对富营养化水体的修复已备受关注。然而,水体中氮的去除受到包括氮的离子形态及其在水体中浓度等各种因素的影响。研究通过Michaelis—Menten动力学方程来研究植物根系表面氮的浓度与植物吸收氮的相互关系。该方程包括2个参数：吸收最大速率（Vmox）和米氏常数（Km）,其分别表示植物吸收不同氮形态的最大速率和对不同氮形态亲和力的高低。利用加权回归分析结果表明,生长在不同浓度营养液水浮莲（Pistia stratiotes L．）吸收速率拟和Michaelis—Menten方程。水浮莲对NH4^＋LN的Km很高。表明其对NH4^＋-LN亲和力高;在NO3^--N单一氮源提供下,水浮莲对NO3^--N的吸收动力学与NH4^＋-N相似。然而,在营养液中同时存在NH4^＋-N和N03^--N时,NO3^--N吸收的最大速率明显降低,但对其Km的影响不大,这种抑制作用看来属于非竞争性的。在NH4^＋-LNN和NO3^--N的同时存在下,由于植物吸收NO3^--N能力的降低可能导致植物对氮的利用率下降。