油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量的种子胚与母体植株QTL定位

【目的】利用甘蓝型油菜TN DH群体分别与双亲Tapidor和Ningyou7回交构建的BC1F1 1和BC1F1 2两个群体,分析油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量的种子胚和母体植株两套不同核基因组的QTL及其遗传效应,以明确QTL在不同遗传体系中的分布状况以及连锁的分子标记,研究环境互作效应对不同遗传体系QTL定位的影响,探讨相应品质性状分子标记辅助选择的最优策略和方法。【方法】按照常规田间试验方法种植202个TN DH群体材料与双亲,采用2年、2次重复、随机区组试验设计,开花时通过双向回交构建BC1F1 1和BC1F1 2两个群体,收获双亲和回交群体的种子。利用可分析含油量和蛋白质含量的近红外分析模型和方法测定油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量。结合甘蓝型油菜分子标记连锁遗传图谱以及新创建的双子叶作物种子品质性状两套遗传体系的QTL定位方法和作图软件,对不同年份BC1F1 1和BC1F1 2油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量进行QTL定位分析。【结果】共检测到7个与油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量相关的QTL,分布在A1、A4、A6、A7、C2和C5连锁群上,其中,4个与含油量相关的QTL和3个控制蛋白质含量的QTL对表型的总贡献率分别为49.1%和59.6%。检测到的QTL均具有极显著的胚加性主效应和母体加性主效应,其中4个QTL具有显著或极显著的胚显性主效应、2个与含油量相关的QTL具有极显著的环境互作效应。qOC-6-3和qPC-4-1作为控制含油量和蛋白质含量的重要QTL,分别能解释36.3%和37.9%的表型变异;而qOC-4-2和qPC-4-1均被定位在甘蓝型油菜A4连锁群相同的位点上,位于分子标记HS-K02-2和HBR094之间,QTL峰值位置为18.5 cM,置信区间为17.5-19.4 cM。【结论】甘蓝型油菜籽含油量和蛋白质含量的表现会同时受到种子胚和母体植株两套不同遗传体系核基因组QTL表达效应的影响,其中环境互作效应对含油量表现的作用更为明显,而控制蛋白质含量表现的QTL在不同环境条件下的表达较为稳定。在A6和A4连锁群上检测到的qOC-6-3和qPC-4-1是2个控制含油量和蛋白质含量的主效QTL,同时2个控制蛋白质含量的QTL尚未见报道。     

氮磷互作对水稻冠层光谱的影响及其PNN识别

【目的】氮、磷均为作物必需的大量营养元素,其丰缺诊断直接关系到合理科学施肥,进而影响产量、效益以及环境。本文旨在研究准确、快捷、无损地区分水稻缺氮和缺磷信息的光谱识别方法,从而指导田间施肥决策,精确作物管理、节约种植成本并控制农田面源污染。【方法】基于水稻6个氮素及两个磷素营养水平交互下的盆栽试验,分别在分蘖、拔节和抽穗期测定水稻冠层的可见近红外反射光谱（350-1 330 nm）及植株全氮（TN）和全磷（TP）含量等数据,分析氮磷互作对水稻植株体内TN和TP含量以及冠层反射光谱的影响,并运用概率神经网络(PNN)分别对不同生育时期的冠层光谱进行氮水平、磷水平、氮磷交互水平和缺素水平4个尺度下的分类识别。为避免光谱测量时仪器误差和光照、风力、温度、水分等环境条件所造成光谱数据批次间的差异,PNN分类识别前对光谱数据进行标准化处理,并将其中2/3作为训练集,另外1/3作为测试集。【结果】植株全氮含量受氮肥、磷肥和氮磷交互作用的影响显著;植株全磷含量则主要受磷肥和氮肥水平的双重影响,但不存在氮磷交互作用。水稻冠层光谱对氮肥的响应规律不受磷肥水平的影响,缺氮使可见光区反射率升高,近红外区反射率下降。缺磷使近红外区反射率下降,但可见光区的响应则受氮肥水平的影响,施氮处理呈上升趋势,氮胁迫处理则呈现分蘖期下降、拔节期上升、抽穗期下降的趋势。利用冠层光谱PNN模型可以对各个生育时期氮水平、磷水平、氮磷交互水平和缺素水平等不同施肥尺度进行识别,拔节期分类精度最高,抽穗期分类精度相对最低。4种分类尺度下PNN模型对磷素水平的分类精度最高,分蘖期和拔节期分别为83%和94%;其次是缺素水平,分别为78%和88%;对氮素水平以及氮磷交互水平等有较多个分类输出的识别精度较低,为61%-75%。值得一提的是,PNN模型对水稻施肥关键生育时期分蘖期和拔节期水稻植株缺氮缺磷、缺氮不缺磷、缺磷不缺氮、不缺氮不缺磷等4种缺素水平的分类中,所有只缺氮处理没有被预测为只缺磷处理,所有只缺磷处理也没有被误判为只缺氮处理,表明冠层光谱PNN模型能有效区分开氮磷胁迫。【结论】水稻的冠层光谱受到氮、磷水平的共同影响,利用水稻冠层光谱建立的PNN模型不仅能分别辨识各氮素、磷素施肥水平,并且能有效地区分开水稻缺磷和缺氮处理,避免混淆,对有目的性的指导施肥具有重要的意义和价值,可避免不恰当的施肥策略造成的环境、产量和经济损失。     

Selenium and vitamin E interaction in the nutrition of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi): physiological and immune responses

Six dietary treatments were prepared in a 3 × 2 factorial design (unsupplemented or supplemented with Se at 1 or 2 mg kg^?1 × supplemented with vitamin E at 40 or 180 mg kg^?1) and fed to yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) for 6 weeks to evaluate the effects of dietary Se and vitamin E on growth performance, immune and antioxidant responses and to investigate the potential interaction between these two micronutrients in this species. The results have revealed significantly interactive effects with positive physiological responses. Se significantly increased weight gain of fish fed diets low in vitamin E, but not high in vitamin E, whereas serum lysozyme activity was significantly improved by Se in diets high in vitamin E, but not low in vitamin E. Moreover, there was evidence of myopathy in fish deficient in both Se and vitamin E, but not single deficiency. There was no significant effect of dietary Se, vitamin E or their interaction on survival, antibody titre, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and fillet proximate composition; however, fillet Se and vitamin E were significantly responsive to dietary Se and vitamin E, respectively, and higher dietary Se intakes produced significantly higher red blood cell glutathione peroxidase activity.     

玉米果穗出籽率遗传效应分析

摘要:采用朱军包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体遗传模型（ADM模型）分析方法,研究玉米果穗出籽率性状遗传主效应及其与环境互作遗传效应。结果表明：玉米果穗出籽率主要显性效应遗传体系控制,其次受加性效应遗传效应控制,同时还受加性×环境互作效应、显性×环境互作效应、母体×环境互作效应等不同遗传控制体系基因型×环境互作效应显著影响。对果穗出籽率性状的选择效果受环境影响较大,宜在较晚世代进行选择。育种中根据亲本果穗出籽率在不同环境中遗传效应预测值组配杂交组合,育成适应不同地区或某一特定地区的新品种,提高育种效率。     

异构系统中检测蛋白质相互作用方法的原理及应用

基因组测序的完成并没有真正解释出细胞生命活动的本质。科学家们逐渐发现所有细胞功能都涉及蛋白质相互作用,许多疾病的发病也是由于蛋白质相互作用的改变,因此研究蛋白质相互作用具有重要的意义,也成为蛋白质组学研究的重点。目前已有许多实用且成熟的技术应用于蛋白质相互作用的检测。异构系统中检测蛋白质相互作用的方法包括细菌、酵母、哺乳动物细胞的双杂交系统和免疫共沉淀技术。文章将对这些技术的原理及应用作以综述。     

棉花黄萎病菌与品种互作的格局分析

 以23个棉花品种(系)接种18个黄萎病菌株的抗感表现(病情指数)为分析对象,在聚类分析的基础上用双标图方法研究了寄主 病原的互作格局。结果表明：23个棉花品种分为6个抗病性不同的品种组,18个菌株聚为5个致病力不同的菌株群。5031和50312组成的品种组G1对所有菌株群具有最高抗性,可作为抗黄育种的高抗质源。来自河北成安的VD25与来自江苏常熟的XS4、XS6和XS7组成的菌株群S4与G5品种组存在互作,其致病力最强,是棉花黄萎病的优势菌株群,在抗黄育种和抗黄鉴定中应予以高度重视。S2和S3菌株群与56%的参试品种构成的3个品种组间存在互作,是潜在的优势菌株群。具平均抗病性的G2品种组是黄萎病菌的优良寄主。     

农林复合系统及其种间相互作用研究进展

种间互作已成为现代农林复合系统研究的核心内容之一,笔者综述了种间互作的机制、种间地上部分相互作用和种间地下部分相互作用研究进展,并对农林复合系统种间互作研究前景进行了展望。     

Population-specific QTLs and their different epistatic interactions for pod dehiscence in soybean [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> (L.) Merr.]

Pod dehiscence (PD) prior to harvest results in serious yield loss in soybean. Two linkage maps with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were independently constructed using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from Keunolkong (pod-dehiscent) × Sinpaldalkong (pod-indehiscent) and Keunolkong × Iksan 10 (pod-indehiscent). These soybean RIL populations were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning resistance to PD. While a single major QTL on linkage group (LG) J explained 46% of phenotypic variation in PD in the Keunolkong × Sinpaldalkong population with four minor QTLs, three minor QTLs were identified in the Keunolkong × Iksan 10 population. Although these two populations share the pod dehiscent parent, no common QTL has been identified. In addition, epistatic interactions among three marker loci partially explained phenotypic variation in PD in both populations. The result of this study indicates that different breeding strategies will be required for PD depending on genetic background.     

Nutritional status and genetic variation in the response to nutrient availability in Pinus pinaster. A multisite field study in Northwest Spain

The low nutrient availability of the acidic and sandy soils of Galicia (Northwest Spain) is probably the main environmental factor limiting forest primary productivity in the area. These particular edaphic conditions could have imposed selective pressures on maritime pine populations leading to specific local adaptations.We first assessed the nutritional status of 22 young contemporary Pinus pinaster plantations in Northwest Spain, and then analysed the response to fertilization in three family × fertilization trials, and how this response varied across sites and genotypes.Growth of P. pinaster in Northwest Spain appeared to be largely limited by nutrient availability, where most of the plantations showed severe nutrient deficiencies, especially in P and Mg. According to these deficiencies, a strong positive response to nutrient additions was observed in the three trials, with height increments of up to 30% compared with the unfertilized control. However, the response to fertilizers was very variable from site to site, and in some cases did not agree with the foliar nutritional diagnosis. The response to fertilization was also significantly affected by pine genotype, suggesting that the plastic response to nutrient additions within each environment was under genetic control. However, the family response to nutrient availability was not consistent across sites, and no significant differences among families were observed for the RDPI plasticity index – a single index that summarizes the phenotypic change in multiple environments – when analysed across environments.The strong environmental component modulating phenotypic responses to fertilization could impose an important obstacle to evolve specific adaptations to the local edaphic conditions, as well as to artificially select genotypes adapted to different environments and silviculture regimes.     

Numerical Simulation of Microcrack Toughening in Particulate Composite

The crack tip region in an elastic composite can be divided into three different zones. The constitutive equations corresponding to these zones and the extent of the saturated damage zones are derived. The damage isotropy in the largest saturated damage zone is expressed by utilizing the Monte Carlo technique to create uniform distribution microcracks. The interaction between the main crack and microcracks can be evaluated by an alternating iteration scheme. In the assumption of a dilute concentration of microcracks, the interaction among microcracks is neglected, and the stress intensity factor produced by interaction between the main crack and each microcrack can be superposed. Two sources of loading are analyzed: one is for the main crack microcrack interaction under an applied remote load, and the other is for the main crack microcrack interaction accompanied by the relief of residual stresses on the microcrack surfaces. The results show that two sources of loading can shield the main crack tip, and microcracks behind the main crack tip can create the most shielding whereas the micro cracks ahead of the main crack tip play no role in shielding.