Controls on soil carbon accumulation during woody plant encroachment: Evidence from physical fractionation, soil respiration, and δC of respired CO2

Woody plant encroachment into grasslands and savannas is a globally extensive land-cover change that alters biogeochemical processes and frequently results in soil organic carbon (SOC) accrual. We used soil physical fractionation, soil respiration kinetics, and the isotopic composition of soil respiration to investigate microbial degradation of accrued SOC in sandy loam soils along a chronosequence of C₃woody plant encroachment into a C₄-dominated grassland in southern Texas. Our previous work in this system demonstrated significant changes in the chemistry and abundance of lignin and aliphatic biopolymers within particulate soil fractions during the first 40 yrs of woody plant encroachment, indicating selective accrual of purportedly more recalcitrant plant chemicals. However, during the long-term soil laboratory incubation presented herein, a greater proportion of SOC was mineralized in soils from older woody stands (34-86 yrs) than in soils from younger woody stands (14-23 yrs) and grasslands, providing no evidence for greater biochemical recalcitrance as a controlling mechanism for SOC accrual. In addition, δ¹³C values of respired CO₂ indicate that the mineralized SOC was predominately of C₃ origin from all woody stands along the chronosequence, and that respired CO₂ was primarily derived from the free light fraction (density <1.0 g/cm³) and macroaggregate-sized soil fraction. Our data suggested that the location of SOC among soil fractions was more important than plant polymer chemistry in determining SOC turnover rates during incubation. Surprisingly, estimates of the size and turnover rate of the active SOC pool based on respiratory kinetics did not increase with woody encroachment, and the turnover rate of the slower SOC pool decreased, again supporting the notion that increases in biochemically recalcitrant biopolymers did not hinder decomposition in the lab. These data indicate environmental conditions that may allow for C accrual in the field were alleviated during the controlled incubation. Therefore, C accrual in these sandy loam soils following woody encroachment should not be assumed stable, and this factor should be taken into account when considering responses of SOC to climate change or when making management decisions regarding land cover impacts on SOC.     

鸡胚胎期及生长发育早期对孵化绿光强度的反应

试验旨在探究孵化期单色绿光不同光照强度对鸡孵化和早期生长发育的影响。选用810个大小均匀的新浦东鸡种蛋,随机分为3组（n=270）,孵化期1~18.5 d分别在黑暗、低照度（20~50 lux）和高照度（200~300 lux）的LED单色绿光（λ=525 nm）条件下孵化,每天光照24 h,各组种蛋于第18.5天转至同一台无光出雏器中,各组温度和湿度等其他孵化条件始终保持一致。检测各组受精蛋孵化率、死胚率、初生重、10周龄体重、初生雏鸡及3周龄公鸡的血清激素浓度（甲状腺素、降钙素、生长激素、褪黑激素和骨钙素等）和血液生理生化指标（碱性磷酸酶、胰岛素样生长因子和钙等含量）。结果表明：各组种蛋的死胚数和死胚率差异较小;孵化的20.5 d低照度组和高照度组的受精蛋孵化率分别为黑暗组的2.3倍和5.2倍;孵化的21.5 d黑暗组的受精蛋孵化率为82.8%,低照度组和高照度组的孵化率分别比黑暗组高6.5%和1.9%;黑暗组的健雏率为98.6%,低照度组的健雏率比黑暗组低0.4%,而高照度组与黑暗组的健雏率接近;高照度组公雏初生重显著低于黑暗组（P<0.05）,而低照度组与黑暗组无显著差异（P>0.05）。母雏初生重趋势与公雏基本一致,高照度组母雏初生重显著低于其他两组（P<0.05）,其他两组之间无显著差异（P>0.05）;在10周龄,各组公鸡和母鸡体重无显著差异（P<0.05）;各组1日龄公雏血液生理生化和激素指标无显著差异（P>0.05）,3周龄公鸡高照度组和低照度组褪黑激素含量显著高于黑暗组（P<0.05）,其他指标无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上,在种蛋的孵化过程中,与黑暗条件下相比,给予适宜强度的单色绿光能够促进鸡胚发育,在不影响雏鸡健康的前提下使出雏时间提前,孵化期光照对后期生长发育影响较小。     

干燥和重新湿润过程引起土壤CO_2激发释放的模拟研究

应用短期培养实验研究了干燥和重新湿润引起的土壤CO2激发释放及其动力学过程.结果表明,不经干燥和重新湿润处理土壤CO2释放速率基本不随时间变化,其CO2释放过程可以用零级反应动力学方程(y=k0t)描述;干燥和重新湿润处理过程能够引起明显的土壤CO2激发释放,这是干燥和重新湿润引起的土壤呼吸激发效应(一级反应)和土壤基本呼吸(零级反应)相互叠加的结果,可以用两库叠加模型y=at+Ao(1-e-kt)很好描述.本实验条件下扰动、干燥和重新湿润引起的(蝼)土CO2净激发释放量为23.05～59.90 mg CO2-C·kg-1,主要与不同培肥措施长期实施造成的土壤性质和肥力差异,特别是有机质数量和质量的差异有密切关系.     

Transfer of carbon incubation parameters to model the SOC and SON dynamics of a field trial with energy crops applying digestates as organic fertilizers

The fertilization with organic amendments and digestates from biogas plants is increasingly used to increase carbon stock and to improve the soil quality, but little is still known about their long-term effects. A common method to analyse organic amendments and their mineralization is incubation experiments, where amendments get incubated with soil while CO₂ release is measured over time. In a previous study, carbon models have been applied to model the carbon dynamics of incubation experiments. The derived parameters describing the carbon turnover of the CCB model (CANDY Carbon Balance) are used to simulate the SOC and SON dynamics of a long-term field trial. The trial was conducted in Berge (Germany) where organic amendments like slurry, farmyard manure or digestates were systematically applied. To grant a higher model flexibility, the amounts of crop residues were calculated for roots and stubble separately. Furthermore, the mineralization dynamics of roots and stubble are considered by the model parameters for each crop. The model performance is compared when using the dry matter and carbon content received from the field trial and the incubation experiments, to evaluate the transferability. The results show that the incubation parameters are transferable to the field site, with rRMSE < 10% for the modelled SOC and rRMSE between 10% and 15% for the SON dynamics. This approach can help to analyse long-term effects of unexplored and unusual organic fertilizers under field conditions, whereat the model is used to upscale the C dynamics from incubation experiments, considering environmental conditions.     

Soil phosphorous buffer coefficient as influenced by time and rate of P addition

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of time and rate of phosphorus (P) addition on phosphorus availability and phosphorus buffer coefficient in some calcareous soils. Phosphorus was added to the samples at rates of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg P kg^?1 soil. The samples were incubated for 0.041, 1, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 90 days at constant temperature and moisture. Extractable phosphorus was determined after the incubation. The results showed a sharp decrease in available P within 1 h after P addition. There was a linear relation between added P and extractable P in all soils. The buffer coefficients of soils were estimated by Olsen P for above incubation periods. Generally the buffer coefficient decreased with increasing time of incubation. The results indicated that inputs of between 23 – 59 mg kg^?1 are required to raise Olsen P by 10 mg kg^?1 in these calcareous soils, which assuming 2500 t soil ha^?1, gives a required input of 58 – 148 kg P ha^?1.     

Effects of land-use type and nitrogen addition on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide production potentials in Japanese Andosols

Land-use type and nitrogen (N) addition strongly affect nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production, but the impacts of their interaction and the controlling factors remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both factors simultaneously on N₂O and CO₂ production and associated soil chemical and biological properties. Surface soils (0–10 cm) from three adjacent lands (apple orchard, grassland and deciduous forest) in central Japan were selected and incubated aerobically for 12 weeks with addition of 0, 30 or 150 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. Land-use type had a significant (p < 0.001) impact on the cumulative N₂O and CO₂ production. Soils from the apple orchard had higher N₂O and CO₂ production potentials than those from the grassland and forest soils. Soil net N mineralization rate had a positive correlation with both soil N₂O and CO₂ production rates. Furthermore, the N₂O production rate was positively correlated with the CO₂ production rate. In the soils with no N addition, the dominant soil properties influencing N₂O production were found to be the ammonium-N content and the ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to nitrogen (MBC/MBN), while those for CO₂ production were the content of nitrate-N and soluble organic carbon. N₂O production increased with the increase in added N doses for the three land-use types and depended on the status of the initial soil available N. The effect of N addition on CO₂ production varied with land use type; with the increase of N addition doses, it decreased for the apple orchard and forest soils but increased for the grassland soils. This difference might be due to the differences in microbial flora as indicated by the MBC/MBN ratio. Soil N mineralization was the major process controlling N₂O and CO₂ production in the examined soils under aerobic incubation conditions.     

Promotive and inhibitory effects of rice straw and cellulose application on rice plant growth in pot and field experiments

Abstract

Quantitative characterization of crusts is necessary to evaluate the crusting susceptibility of soils, to reveal the soil properties affecting soil crust development and, thus, to predict the occurrence of crusting. For the quantification of the morphological characteristics of soil surface crusts, the authors applied an image analyzing method to quantify the state of pores, in terms of apparent porosity, using vertical thin sections of the surface crust formed under simulated rainfall.     

The distribution of sclerotia ofRhizoctonia solani Kühn on the surface of the potato tuber

Summary Seed tubers of cv. Majestic harvested from untreated plants in August had fewer sclerotia ofR. solani at the rose than at the heel end. As plant growth ceased in September and tubers matured, sclerotia formed on the rose end so that all regions of the tuber had similar concentrations. In a preliminary experiment in the previous year, presumably influenced by seasonal factors, the onset of maturity was such that the rose end had the highest and the heel end significantly the lowest concentration of sclerotia. In the second season destroying haulms with acid decreased both the time necessary for tuber maturation and the accompanying change of distribution of sclerotia when spraying was done in August but not if it was delayed until September. The results can be explained, in part, by postulating tuber exudates as a source of nutrition for the fungus.

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Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung verschiedener Lagerposten von Pflanzkartoffelknollen liess vermuten, dass die Verteilung von Sklerotien vonRhizoctonia solani Kühn auf den Knollen nicht zuf?llig ist. Diese Annahme wurde geprüft, indem Knollen aus zwei Feldversuchen untersucht wurden. Im ersten Jahr waren die Pflanzknollen auf natürliche Weise mit Sklerotien infiziert. Im zweiten Jahr wurde jede Knolle vor dem Auspflanzen mit einem Standardinokulum behandelt. Im ersten Jahr wurde das Kraut Mitte September mit S?ure (ca. 11.5% H₂SO₄; 11251/ha) behandelt oder blieben unbehandelt. Der Bestand wurde vier Wochen sp?ter geerntet. Im zweiten Jahr wurde das Kraut an einem von fünf Daten gespritzt oder nicht gespritzt und nachher in Abst?nden geerntet (Tabelle 1). Jede Knolle war in vier gleiche Abschnitte eingeteilt, der erste beim Kronen- und der letzte beim Nabelende, und wurde, wie in Tabelle 2 aufgeführt, auf Sklerotien bonitiert. Im zweiten Jahr wurde durch jede Knolle ein L?ngsschnitt gemacht und der Prozentsatz des Periderms notiert, das — beginnend am Kronenende — mit einer Pinzette entfernt werden konnte. Das Ergebnis wurde als Beurteilung der ‘Reife’ verwendet. Die Ergebnisse des ersten Jahres (Tabelle 3) zeigten, dass ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Knollenabschnitt und dem Grad der Infektion besteht. Das Kronenende wies das gr?sste Infektionsvorkommen auf, das Nabelende signifikant weniger. Die Histogramme in den Abb. 1 und 2 sind für das zweite Jahr und zeigen die Konzentration der Sklerotien auf s?ure-bzw, unbehandelten Parzellen. Die Leichtigkeit, mit welcher das Periderm von diesen Knollen entfernt werden konnte, wird in Abb. 3 dargestellt. Im August geerntete Saatknollen von unbehandelten Pflanzen wiesen am Kronenende weniger Sklerotien auf als am Nabelende. Als das Pflanzenwachstum im September aufh?rte und die Knollen reiften, bildeten sich am Kronenende Sklerotien. so dass alle Knollenteile gleiche Konzentrationen aufwiesen. Durch die Kraut vernichtung mit S?ure nahmen sowohl die für das Reifen der Knollen notwendige Zeit als auch der damit einhergehende Wechsel der Sklerotienverteilung ab, sofern das Spritzen im August geschah, aber nicht, wenn es bis September verschoben wurde. Unterschiede in der Sklerotien verteilung zwischen den Ergebnissen des ersten Jahres und einem entsprechenden Datum der Krautvernichtung und der Ernte im zweiten Jahr dürften saisonbedingten Unterschieden, welche die Reifeverh?ltnisse beeinflussten, zuzuschreiben sein. Die Ergebnisse k?nnen teilweise erkl?rt werden, wenn man voraussetzt, dass Knollenausscheidungen dem Pilz als Nahrungsquelle dienen, die auf einer jungen Knolle das Pilzwachstum anregt, w?hrend deren Entzug bei der Reifung der Knolle Sklerotienbildung verursacht.

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Résumé Un examen de plusieurs lots de tubercules de pomme de terre de semence suggérait que la distribution àleur surface des sclérotes deRhizoctonia solani Kühn n’était pas au hasard. Cettesuggestion a été contrólée en examinant des tubercules récoltés dans deux champs expérimentaux. La première année, les tubercules de semence étaient infectés naturellement par des sclérotes, mais la seconde année un inoculum standard était appliqué à chaque tubercule préalablement à la plantation. La première année, les fanes étaient traitées ou non à l’acide sulfurique (11,5%H₂SO₄: 1125l/ha) à la mi-septembre et la récolte faite 4 semaines plus tard: la seconde année, les fanes étaient traitées ou non à l’une des 5 dates mentionnées dans le tableau 1 et récoltées à intervalles réguliers par la suite. Chaque tubercule était divisé en 4 régions égales, la première étant à la couronne et la dernière au talon et la présence de sclérotes notée conformément au tableau 2. La seconde année seulement. chaque tubercule était coupé selon l’axe longitudinal et on notait le pourcentage de périderme, se trouvant à l’extrémité de la couronne, qui pouvait être enlevé à l’aide de petites pinces; le résultat était considéré comme une méthode d’appréciation de la maturité. Les résultats de la première année (tableau 3) ont montré qu’ily avait une relation significative entre la région du tubercule et le niveau d’infection à sa surface. L’extrémité de la couronne avait la plus grande contamination. l’extrémité du talon significativement moins. Les histogrammes des figures 1 et 2 concernent la seconde année et indiquent la concentration de sclérotes respectivement sur les parcelles traitées et non traitées à l’acide. La facilité avec laquelle le périderme peut être enlevé de ces tubercules est montrée à la figure 3. Les tubercules de semence. récoltés à partir de plantes non traitées au mois d’ao?t, avaient moins de sclérotes à la couronne qu’au talon. Dès que la pousse des plantes cessa en septembre et que les tubercules m?rirent, les sclérotes se formèrent tellement à la couronne que toutes les parties du tubercule eurent des concentrations identiques. En détruisant les fanes avec de l’acide, on obtint à la fois une réduction du temps nécessaire à la maturation des tubercules et une modification de distribution des sclérotes avec la pulvérisation en ao?t mais en la repoussant jusqu’à septembre. Les diffèrences dans la distribution des sclérotes entre les résultats de la première année et une date correspondante de destruction des fanes et de récolte dans la deuxième année peuvent en être attribuées aux différences de saisons, affectant la vitesse de maturation. Les résultats peuvent être expliqués en partie en postulant quel’exudation des tubercules est une source de nourriture pour les champignons, ce qui, sur un jeune tubercule, stimule la croissance des champignons tandis que son absence, lorsqu’un tubercule m?rit, provoque la formation des sclérotes.

     

外加碳酸盐增加石灰性土壤密闭培养过程中CO2的释放量

The closed-jar incubation method is widely used to estimate the mineralization of soil organic C. There are two C pools (i.e., organic and inorganic C) in calcareous soil. To evaluate the effect of additional carbonates on CO2 emission from calcareous soil during closed-jar incubation, three incubation experiments were conducted by adding different types (CaCO3 and MgCO3 ) and amounts of carbonate to the soil. The addition of carbonates significantly increased CO2 emission from the soil; the increase ranged from 12.0% in the CaCO3 amended soil to 460% in the MgCO3 amended soil during a 100-d incubation. Cumulative CO2 production at the end of the incubation was three times greater in the MgCO3 amended soil compared to the CaCO3 amended one. The CO2 emission increased with the amount of CaCO3 added to the soil. In contrast, CO2 emission decreased as the amount of MgCO3 added to the soil increased. Our results confirmed that the closed-jar incubation method could lead to an overestimate of organic C mineralization in calcareous soils. Because of its effect on soil pH and the dissolution of carbonates, HgCl2 should not be used to sterilize calcareous soil if the experiment includes the measurement of soil CO2 production.