异花授粉对柚果实代谢产物的影响及其与内裂的关系

为探究异花授粉对柚果实内裂的影响机制,以琯溪蜜柚为父本、早香柚为母本进行异花授粉,统计种子数与果实内裂的关系,并利用气相色谱-质谱技术(GC-MS)分析果实汁胞代谢物组分.结果表明,早香柚自花授粉果实裂瓣数多为2或3瓣,且裂瓣多处于对称位置,说明果实横向生长拉力是中心柱开裂的直接原因;异花授粉后,果实内裂率与种子数有关...     

耐辐射菌株筛选及其胞外代谢产物抗紫外辐射物质特性

从经8kGy γ辐照处理的新疆沙漠样本中分离到1株红色球菌——RV113,鉴定为奇异球菌属（Deinococcus）的新菌。试验证明该菌胞外代谢产物具有抗紫外辐射特性,能有效提高E.oli JM109紫外辐射抗性。紫外吸收光谱与清除DPPH自由基特性试验说明,菌株RV113的正已烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇3种溶剂萃取的胞外代谢产物具有降低紫外辐射直接损伤与间接损伤的作用。     

肠道菌群及其代谢产物调节动物线粒体功能的研究进展

线粒体是动物细胞生产能量的主要场所,可参与三磷酸腺苷的产生、细胞线粒体Ca²⁺稳态的维持,在调节动物机体能量代谢方面发挥重要的作用。目前,研究发现肠道微生物及其代谢产物可影响细胞线粒体代谢水平和功能,参与调节机体营养物质代谢周转速度,最终影响畜禽生长发育及饲料转化效率等。本文在总结线粒体生物学功能的基础上,重点阐述了肠道微生物及其代谢产物对线粒体功能的调节作用及影响因素,旨在为饲粮营养手段介导肠道微生物-宿主线粒体途径调节动物生长发育和肠道健康提供理论参考。     

CO_2浓度升高对万寿菊生长发育与光合生理的影响

为探究经济花卉万寿菊响应CO_2浓度升高的生理机制,以万寿菊金币品种为试材,利用OTC(open top chamber)系统进行CO_2浓度控制试验,测定了万寿菊形态特征、叶片组织结构、光合色素含量、光合作用及糖类代谢物的变化。结果表明,本试验种植的万寿菊维管束中无"花环状"结构,是菊科中的C_3植物。CO_2浓度升高后,万寿菊叶片栅栏组织增多,栅栏组织内的叶绿体数量增加,光合色素含量增加,净光合速率增强,气孔导度和蒸腾速率在现蕾期和初花期下降,而在盛花期增加,水分利用率在各生育时期均增加。此外,CO_2浓度升高后,万寿菊叶片中还原糖含量、可溶性总糖含量、淀粉含量、纤维素含量均增加。植株的株高、茎粗、单株茎秆重、单株总生物量均有增加,花朵总产量增加27.46%。综上可知,CO_2浓度升高促进了万寿菊叶片光合作用和碳代谢,有利于万寿菊的生长发育。本研究结果有助于揭示万寿菊响应CO_2浓度升高的生理机制,为未来的万寿菊生产开发提供了依据。     

Antioxidant activity and soluble sugars of African ginger (Siphonochilus aethiopicus) in response to irrigation regimen and nitrogen levels

African ginger (Siphonochilus aethiopicus), as a medicinal plant, is known for its medicinal properties, containing various antioxidant compounds and carbohydrates. Rhizome yield is improved by water regimens and fertilizers applied at plant phenological stages. However, the rhizomatous herb, which is traditionally used for the treatment of asthma, inflammation and malaria has limited information on water and nitrogen requirements for its production. This study assessed the effect of irrigation regimens (30%, 50% and 70% allowable depletion level (ADL) and nitrogen (N) levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200?kg?ha^?1) on antioxidant activity and carbohydrates on plant leaf, root and rhizome. The interaction treatment effect of severely stressed (70% ADL) with the N application of 100?kg?ha^?1 had significant effect on leaf phenolic concentration (87.02?±?2.51?mg?g^?1 gallic acid equivalent). Interaction effect of moderately stressed (50% ADL) and severely stressed (70% ADL) treatment with N application rate of 0?kg?ha^?1 had significant effect on plant flavonoids and phenolics in all plant parts. In plant carbohydrates, root had high sucrose content (47.68?±?9.0?mg?g^?1 dry weight) with the application of low N (0?kg?ha^?1) grown under severely stressed treatment. In conclusion, this implies that different S. aethiopicus parts can produce substantial amount of antioxidants and carbohydrates, as exhibited under low N and reduced water supply applied during the phenological cycle.     

Effect of Aquasorb and Organic Compost Amendments on Soil Water Retention and Evaporation with Different Evaporation Potentials and Soil Textures

Abstract

Aquasorb PR3005A, a hydrophilic polymer (a salt copolymer polyacrylamide), and garden waste compost were added to a loamy sand and a loam soil in pots to assess their impact upon soil physical properties at two different evaporation potentials. Compost was mulched and incorporated, the Aquasorb was incorporated, and their effect on temperature and amelioration of soil water content and evaporation was investigated. Mulching with compost reduced evaporation and increased soil temperature. Maize (Zea mays var. single cross 704) was sown in the same pots later, and growth indicator factors (plant height, fresh and dry weight, root weight, and leaf area) were compared. It was concluded that compost mulch application is beneficial to soil water retention whereas compost incorporation did not show these benefits. Compost mulch advances seedling emergence and enhances early growth through hydrologic soil amelioration. High rates of Aquasorb were also beneficial in advancing the emergence and early growth of maize seeded in loamy sand. The hydration capacity of Aquasorb is reduced as the electrolyte concentration and electrical conductivity are increased. Increased electrolyte concentration in soil solution, through drying, may result in gel dehydration and water release at potentials greater than field capacity, which may be lost to drainage. Furthermore, it is concluded that pot experiments with amendments fail to simulate field conditions.     

拟无枝酸菌宿主构建及次级代谢基因簇异源表达

为将生长快、发酵时间短、遗传操作便捷的稀有放线菌拟无枝酸菌TNS106开发成异源表达宿主,通过同源重组将内源的瑞斯托霉素生物合成关键基因rpsA替换为ΦC31和ΦBT1噬菌体细菌附着位点attB,清除代谢背景并引入整合位点,得到菌株HXR1;将含有来自天蓝色链霉菌的放线紫红素基因簇或来自刺糖多孢菌的多杀菌素基因簇的质粒转到HXR1进行异源表达,检测发酵产物。结果显示,HXR1成功表达放线紫红素和多杀菌素;与红色糖多孢菌宿主LJ161相比,放线紫红素的产生提前1 d,产量提高1.3倍。拟无枝酸菌异源表达宿主HXR1可为从链霉菌和稀有放线菌中发现新的次级代谢产物提供有用的平台。     

杨小舟蛾产卵行为对2种黑杨派无性系叶片的营养物质及抗性物质的影响

目的 以2种黑杨派无性系为研究对象,观察杨小舟蛾产卵后产卵植株和邻近植株对幼虫生长的影响并测定各处理叶片营养物质和次生代谢物质的含量变化,探讨2种黑杨派无性系在杨小舟蛾产卵后是否产生诱导抗性。 方法 杨小舟蛾在欧美杨108号（108杨）和欧美杨111号（111杨）产卵后,观察幼虫取食产卵植株、邻近植株和对照植株叶片的存活状况,再分别测定3种处理叶片的可溶性糖、全N、游离氨基酸、单宁和总酚5个指标的含量变化,研究2种黑杨派无性系诱导抗性的产生情况。 结果 取食2种黑杨派无性系3种处理叶片的幼虫存活率均差异不显著。108杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的可溶性总糖含量均显著低于对照;111杨的产卵植株和邻近植株的二糖和全N含量均显著低于对照植株,且产卵植株的游离氨基酸含量显著低于对照,同时,108杨邻近植株的游离氨基酸总量显著高于产卵植株和对照;111杨的产卵和邻近植株的总糖/全N值都显著高于对照。108杨产卵植株的单宁和总酚含量都显著高于对照,而邻近植株的二者含量与对照差异不显著。111杨产卵植株的单宁和总酚含量都显著高于对照;同时邻近植株的单宁含量显著高于对照,而总酚含量与对照差异不显著。 结论 杨小舟蛾产卵使2种黑杨派无性系的产卵植株和邻近植株的营养物质含量都发生改变并且次生代谢物质含量不同程度增加。所以,2种黑杨派无性系的产卵和邻近植株都产生了一定的诱导抗虫性。     

Micromonospora: An important microbe for biomedicine and potentially for biocontrol and biofuels

Micromonospora species have long been recognized as important sources of antibiotics and also for their unusual spores. However, their involvement in plant-microbe associations is poorly understood although several studies demonstrate that Micromonospora species function in biocontrol, plant growth promotion, root ecology, and in the breakdown of plant cell wall material. Our knowledge of this generally understudied group of actinomycetes has been greatly advanced by the increasing number of reports of their associations with plants, by the deployment of DNA cloning and molecular systematics techniques, and by the recent application of whole genome sequencing. Efforts to annotate the genomes of several Micromonospora species are underway. This information will greatly augment our knowledge of these versatile microorganisms.     

Improved GC‐MS/MS Method for Determination of Atrazine and Its Chlorinated Metabolites in Forage Plants—Laboratory and Field Experiments

Abstract

Analytical procedures using gas chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) were developed to analyze atrazine (ATR) and its dealkylated metabolites in four forage species (switchgrass, tall fescue, smooth bromegrass, and orchardgrass). Atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) were extracted with methanol (CH₃OH) followed by liquid–liquid extraction and partitioning into chloroform, with additional cleanup by C₁₈ solid‐phase extraction (SPE). Through the optimization of ionization conditions and ion storage voltages, the background noise of product ion spectra (MS/MS) was reduced dramatically, providing sub‐µg/kg detection limits. Mean recoveries of ATR, DEA, and DIA were 94.3, 105.6, and 113.1%, respectively. The estimated limit of detection (LOD) was 0.6 µg/kg for ATR, 1.3 µg/kg for DEA, and 0.3 µg/kg for DIA. These LODs were one to two orders of magnitude lower than those reported for other GC‐MS, GC‐MS/MS, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐UV, or HPLC‐MS/MS procedures designed for food‐safety monitoring purposes. To validate the developed method, a field experiment was carried out utilizing three replications of four forage treatments (orchardgrass, tall fescue, smooth bromegrass, and switchgrass). Forage plants were sampled for analyses 25 days after atrazine application. DEA concentrations in C3 grasses ranged from 47 to 96 µg/kg, about 10‐fold higher than in switchgrass, a C4 species. The ATR and DIA concentrations were similar, ranging from 1.5 to 13.2 µg/kg. The developed method provided sufficient sensitivity to determine the fate of ATR and its chlorinated metabolites via plant uptake from soil or dealkylation within living forage grasses. It also represented significant improvements in sensitivity compared to previous GC methods.