一季稻直播栽培技术开发应用研究

对一季稻汕优 63、中籼 13 0 2 2 ,进行机械条播、人工撒播和人工育秧移栽的对比试验 ,结果表明 :机械条播比人工直播增产13 .9%,机械条播比人工移栽增产 2 0 .3 %,人工撒播比人工移栽增产 5 .5 %。因此 ,一季稻直播省工、节本、增产、增效     

微小孔振动钻削神经网络仿真

该文将人工神经网络（ANN）技术引入农业机械化、农业自动化领域中高新技术产品孔加工过程。研究了适用于变参数振动钻削过程仿真与参数优化的神经网络模型和算法。实验表明,ANN成功地实现了振动钻削知识的学习,优化精度较高,为农业机械制造智能化提供了新的研究思路和开发途径。     

不同施药技术对蛀干害虫的防效比较试验

比较了根部施药、钻孔注药、插药瓶、挂药袋以及从虫孔注入药液和药膏等方法对蛀干害虫的防效。挂药袋仅对孵化初期的臭椿沟眶象防效较好，从虫孔注入药液对向下或上下串食的害虫防效较好，SGY药膏对向各种方向蛀食的害虫防效均高于90．0％，其他方法防效较差。     

飞机制造自动制孔机械系统技术研究

飞机制造业是一个关系国家经济命脉和国防安全的高技术产业。一般机械的装配工作占产品劳动总量的20%,而飞机装配占劳动总量的40%-50%,而且质量要求高,技术难度大。飞机装配使用了许多复杂的装配型架,飞机制造的准确度很大程度上取决于装配的准确度,而一般机械主要取决于零件制造的准确度。     

管道定向钻穿越河流施工风险控制

由于施工条件复杂,导向孔钻进、管道扩孔及回拖过程存在不可见性,定向钻穿越施工时经常出现冒浆、卡管、钻机故障等作业风险,一旦控制措施失当,会对整个工程施工产生较大的负面影响。结合某天然气管道定向钻穿越河流施工,讨论了影响定向钻施工的各种风险因素,并针对潜在的风险源,制定了详尽的风险控制措施,主要包括：优化施工工序,优选钻具组合,确定与其地质条件相适应的泥浆参数,严格进行钻进轨迹控向,采取卡管风险削减措施等,成功穿越了地下粗砂层,避免了钻机推拉力不足、抱管及大面积冒浆等现象的发生,保证了定向钻施工作业的顺利实施,为今后类似工程的施工提供了参考。（图1,表1,参6）     

剪鳍标记法测定钻井噪声与振动对草鱼生长的影响

采用剪鳍标记法测定了钻井噪声与振动对草鱼（Cteropharyngiodon idellus）生长的影响。结果表明，钻井噪声与振动对草鱼生长有显著影响，其临界等效噪声和振动级约为84．4dB和90．2dB，影响域径约8．5m；污染持续时间和鱼的本重等生态因素能显著改变钻井噪声与振动对草鱼生长的污染效应；由于在污染消失后草鱼生长率能迅速恢复，这说明钻井噪声与振动对草鱼的影响是可逆的，并未产生器质性损伤。因此，用非听觉系统激起反应解释钻井噪声与振动对草鱼的影响机制可能是合理的。     

小型离心泵在定向钻穿越管道试压中的应用

对定向钻穿越管道试压时采用大型泥浆泵和小型试压泵两种试压方法的优缺点进行了比较,分析了采用小型试压泵时间过长的原因,提出了采用小型离心泵上水推球排气再利用小型试压泵试压的方法,将该试压方法与前两种试压方法进行了对比,结果表明,该试压方法既缩短了管道试压时间,又减少了试压费用,可为中短距离管道试压提供参考。     

水稻精量旱穴播机穴距电液比例控制系统的设计与试验

针对目前国内水稻精量旱穴播机普遍采用多组链轮或多组齿轮改变传动比,实现株(穴)距调节,但株距调节范围有限的问题,为了增加穴距调节范围,实现穴距的无级调节,研制了一种基于可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller,PLC)与触摸屏的电液比例控制系统,实时调整液压马达转速,实现播种作业的实时调节。液压系统主要由液泵、液压马达和比例流量阀等组成;控制系统通过Delt WPLSoft V2.37编程软件,编制PLC梯形图程序,采用监视与控制通用系统(monitor and control generated system,MCGS)组态软件开发出人机交互界面,可在交互界面上输入地轮直径大小和穴距,以及设定比例流量阀初始值和阈值,调整比例积分微分(proportion integration differentiation,PID)参数,并通过人机交互界面实现播种作业时的穴距调节和作业速度监测。通过台架试验和田间试验表明,在作业速度2.8~3.2和3.2~3.6 km/h时,台架试验穴距合格率和田间试验播种穴距合格率均为100%,满足播种要求;在作业速度3.6~4 km/h范围内,台架试验穴距合格率达到89%,田间试验穴距合格率为70%,根据NY/T987-2006《铺膜穴播机作业质量》农业行业标准,田间试验穴距合格率80%,不能满足穴播机作业质量标准。研究结果表明,水稻精量旱穴播机选用型孔轮式排种器,但田间播种作业成穴性效果受风阻、机架振动和种子下落速度等影响较大,作业速度应控制在2.8~3.6 km/h为宜,当作业速度增大对成穴性影响尤为显著。台架试验和田间试验结果都表明电液比例控制穴距系统的可行性,为播种机株(穴)距调节技术提供了科学依据,为播种机的相关设计研究提供技术参考。     

Soil cultivation effects on sediment and phosphorus mobilization in surface runoff from three contrasting soil types in England

To encourage the adoption of best management practices in a priority catchment (Hampshire Avon) in south-west England suffering from diffuse pollution, field demonstration areas were established over a 2-year period on three major soil types (a Chalk soil with an 8° slope, a Greensand soil on a 5° slope and an underdrained Clay soil with a 1° slope). Within each demonstration area, three replicate runoff plots measuring 15 m long and 2 m wide and each containing a tramline were established to monitor the effectiveness of cultivation date (early versus late) and cultivation method (traditional versus reduced) on suspended sediment and P mobilization in surface runoff. Reduced cultivation consisted of heavy discing (5–8 cm depth) instead of ploughing (20–25 cm depth). Soil cultivation effects were variable and site specific depending on weather, inherent soil susceptibility to structural degradation and management. Surface sealing of the Greensand soil, tramline compaction on the Chalk soil and direction of drilling on the Clay soil were key contributing factors. Late cultivation increased surface runoff up to 5-fold and mobilization of sediment and P by up to an order of magnitude compared to early drilling using traditional cultivation techniques. Concentrations of sediment and P in runoff from the Greensand and Chalk soils were consistently lower when the soil was minimally tilled than ploughed, even though a range of soil physical measurements indicated greater soil consolidation where the soil was not inverted. The benefits of reduced cultivation were attributed to better surface cover and a firmer surface for tractor wheelings. Early drilling, timeliness of cultivation to avoid soil compaction, better tramline management and reduced cultivation techniques would help reduce agriculture's impact on water quality in the catchment area.     

Sensitivity Studies of the Common Bean (Vigna unguiculata) and Maize (Zea mays) to Different Soil Types from the Crude Oil Drilling Site at Kutchalli, Nigeria (7 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope   The economic growth that Nigeria has enjoyed as a result of oil revenue has its drawback through exposure of people in the oil producing areas to environmental contamination, due largely to the increase in the movement of oil. Activities associated with oil well drilling on agricultural lands have led to serious economic losses on the communities affected. The local people in most of these communities are peasants who do not know how to react to drilling wastes or polluted fields where they have their crops. A case under study is the Kutchalli oil drilling area. Methods   Waste pit soil from drilling waste dumps in Kutchalli oil drilling area was tested whole and in combinations with 'clean' soil for their abilities to support plant growth and development in common bean (Vigna unguiculata) and maize (Zea mays). Seed germination, plant height, leaf area, biomass accumulation, respiratory activity as well as soil chemical analysis were used to access the ability of waste pit soil to support plant growth and development in the test plants. Results   Discussion and Conclusions. Waste pit soil completely inhibited the germination of bean and maize seeds. Waste pit soil in combinations with different proportions of Kutchalli soil gave growth (germination, height of plants, number of leaves, leaf area, etc.) values that were inferior to the control soil (Kutchalli) and the independent control soil (Monguno). Seeds planted in the test soil combinations containing waste pit soil showed significantly low respiratory activity. Waste pit soil seems to be toxic to plant growth and development. Drilling mud in combination with native Kutchalli soil significantly enhanced plant growth and development. Recommendations and Outlook   The seed germination, growth and development inhibition by waste pit soil suggests its toxicity. We want to suggest the need for strict control and monitoring of waste pit soil in oil drilling sites.