青稞南繁加代技术及其意义

青稞作为西藏地区人们的主要粮食作物,其育种进程较长.为了加快其进程,在与西藏气候相当的云南元谋进行了6年的南繁加代技术实践,形成一套完备的适合青稞加代繁殖的技术.同时,总结该技术在选地、播种、田间管理和病虫害防治方面的经验,也指出南繁加代技术对促进缩短青稞育种年限和加速繁殖品种的重要意义.     

灌水量对啤酒大麦产量及品质的影响

在甘肃武威通过连续3 a田间试验,研究了不同灌水量对甘啤4号和甘啤7号产量和品质的影响。结果表明,3 a平均生育期灌水3 000 m3／hm2处理比灌水6 000 m3／hm2处理早熟3 d左右,但在年份和灌水量相同的情况下,甘啤4号与甘啤7号生育期基本相同。3 a基本苗和成穗数甘啤7号均高于甘啤4号,不同灌水量对同一品种的基本苗和成穗数影响不显著,灌水量对两个品种蛋白质含量影响不显著。在不同灌水量下,3 a平均千粒重甘啤4号均高于甘啤7号,两个品种3 aS,饱满度灌水3 000 m3／hm2处理均大于灌水6 000 m3／hm2处理。3 a平均折合产量灌水3 000 m3／hm2处理甘啤7号高于甘啤4号,灌水6 000 m3／hm2处理甘啤7号略低于或相当于甘啤4号。     

苏北沿海地区啤酒大麦施肥技术

苏北沿海地区具有啤酒大麦生长得天独厚的自然条件,其是全国优质啤酒大麦主产区之一。通过对啤酒大麦科学施肥原则的阐述,提出了当地优质啤酒大麦科学施肥的方法和技术要点。     

不同氮素利用效率基因型油菜氮素营养性状的差异

【目的】研究盆栽条件下不同氮素利用效率基因型油菜氮素营养性状的差异,为揭示植物高效利用氮素的机理和氮高效基因型油菜品种的选育提供依据。【方法】在低氮(施N 0.1g/kg)和高氮(施N 0.3g/kg)条件下,采用土培盆栽试验对50份不同基因型甘蓝型油菜的氮利用效率进行分析,从中筛选氮高效基因型和氮低效基因型油菜,研究不同氮利用效率基因型油菜各器官及其不同生长阶段的氮含量、氮素累积量及各器官氮累积量占植株总氮素累积量的比例的差异。【结果】1)油菜氮利用效率与籽粒、果荚皮壳、茎叶氮含量均呈显著或极显著负相关,无论氮素供应水平高低,氮高效基因型各器官氮含量均低于氮低效基因型。2)高氮条件下,油菜氮利用效率与果荚皮壳、茎叶、根系氮素累积量和植株总氮累积量均呈显著或极显著负相关;成熟期氮高效基因型油菜果荚皮壳、茎叶、根系氮素累积量和总氮素累积量均显著低于氮低效基因型。低氮条件下,油菜氮利用效率与成熟期果荚皮壳、茎叶氮素累积量均呈显著或极显著负相关,而与成熟期籽粒氮素累积量和植株总氮累积量呈显著正相关;氮高效基因型油菜的籽粒氮素累积量显著高于氮低效基因型,果荚皮壳和茎叶氮素累积量均低于氮低效基因型,总氮素累积量高于氮低效基因型。3)高氮条件下,油菜氮利用效率与茎叶和根系氮素累积量占总氮素累积量的比例均呈显著或极显著负相关,而与籽粒氮素累积量占植株总氮素累积量的比例呈极显著正相关;氮高效基因型油菜籽粒氮素累积量占总氮素累积量的比例明显高于氮低效基因型,而茎叶和根系氮素累积量占植株总氮素累积量的比例均明显低于氮低效基因型。在低氮条件下,油菜氮利用效率与果荚皮壳、茎叶和根系氮素累积量占植株总氮素累积量的比例均呈显著或极显著负相关,而与籽粒氮素累积量占植株总氮素累积量的比例呈正相关;氮高效基因型籽粒氮素累积量占总氮素累积量的比例明显高于氮低效基因型,而果荚皮壳和茎叶氮素累积量占总氮素累积量的比例则明显低于氮低效基因型。4)相对于氮低效基因型,氮高效基因型油菜氮含量对氮素反应更敏感;氮低效基因型油菜氮素累积量对氮素供应水平的敏感性较氮高效基因型油菜高。无论是氮高效基因型还是氮低效基因型,茎叶和果荚皮壳氮含量及氮素累积量对氮素的反应均较籽粒和根系敏感。【结论】不同氮素利用效率油菜的氮含量、氮素累积量和氮素分配比例以及对供氮水平的敏感性存在明显差异。     

Repetitive cycling and simple recurrent selection in traditional barley breeding programs

Summary A critical examination of three representative barley development programs from three barley producing areas of the world reveals that the evolution of each can be explained by the concepts of simple or phenotypic recurrent selection. Typically, each has utilized only 13 to 16 separate genetic sources in their program. Most of the sources were introduced over 50 years ago and have been progressively recombined through a simple recurrent selection process. The time period required for selection, testing, and reincorporation of improved genetic recombinants into the breeding program, or the completion of a cycle of recurrent selection, ranged from 6.5 to 10.5 years. If the major operative force in barley breeding is recurrent selection, then additional attention should be given to increasing the genetic base and reducing the time required to complete cycles of selection.     

西藏野生瓶形大麦79个新变种的发现

本文报道了西藏野生瓶形大麦新变种79个，描述了其形态特征和分布，分析了变种特点。这对大麦分类和起源演化、资源保护和利用、遗传与育种工程等研究都具有重要意义。     

Die Ertragsbildung und Ertragsstruktur eines konventionellen und eines epigonalen Genotyps der Weißen Lupine (Lupinus albus)

Yield formation and yield components of a conventional and an epigonal genotype of white lupin ( Lupinus albus )
Differences in yield formation and yield structure of two contrasting Lupinus albus growth types, the conventional, freely branching cultivar Kalina and the epigonal. little branching cultivar Ep I were analyzed. Both cultivars were grown in field experiments at Hohenheim in 1987 and 1988 with a combined variation of population density (30–120 plants/m²) and plant distribution. In addition, assimilate distribution within the plant was studied using a ¹⁴C-labelling experiment. – The contributions of branches to light interception of the crops during the generative phase were > 90 % in Kalina as compared to about 30 % in Ep 1 . Relative ¹⁴C uptake of branches was in a similar range, but great proportions of the ¹⁴C taken up by branches was translocated to main stems. No genotype x plant density interactions with respect to grain yield were recorded, indicating that yield formation at main stems and branches was affected by cropping conditions similarly in both genotypes. This applies to the conditions of the experiments, where stress effects were absent. Under these conditions, the conventional genotype showed agronomic, but no physiological disadvantages.     

Veränderte Ährenfertilität bei einhalmiger Sommergerste durch Einsatz von Bioregulatoren

Changes in fertility of ears in monoculm summer barley after application of plant growth regulators
The effect of plant growth regulators (PGR) upon the structure of the ears in the monoculm summer barley Kindred Uniculm was tested during four years in pot experiments.
The influence of CCC + Ancymidol and RSW on yield structure of the whole plant and the ear which was divided in three parts (basal = 1.–5. spike internode, medial = 6.–10. spike internode, apical = off 11. spike internode) was measured. The application of PGR's in EC 32 increased kernel yield every year in a range from 11–21 %. Number of kernels were strongly improved while the thousand kernels weight remained unchanged. The increase in number of kernels in the apical zone was higher (26–64 %) than in the basal zone (0–10 %). Obviously "medial dominance" was reduced as the single kernel weight was the same in untreated plants.
The decrease of GA₁-content was evident after application of PGR's. A correlation between GA₁-content and plant height was found.     

植物生长调节剂在啤酒大麦上的增产效果试验初报

啤酒大麦使用W -HE生物表面活化剂、C -HE植物生长调节剂、喷施宝、丰产宝、生根粉能促进大麦生育前期的生长发育 ,增加分蘖 ,抑制后期的节间生长 ,有利于根系的发育和干物质的积累 ,对植株有较为明显的活化和调节作用 ,增产效果明显     

Contributions to the Analysis of Genotype × Environment Interactions: Theoretical Results of the Application and Comparison of Clustering Techniques for the Stratification of Field Test Sites

For an analysis of cross-classified data sets with rows = genotypes and columns = environments (locations and/or years), existing genotype × environment interactions are of major importance. Differential responses of genotypes (environments) across environments (genotypes) are expressed by these effects. To reduce the impact of these genotype × environment interaction effects, one commonly stratifies genotypes or environments by cluster analysis techniques into homogeneous groups so that interactions within groups are minimized. The present paper presents a comprehensive overview of the numerous procedures for stratification of genotypes or environments by cluster analysis which have been proposed in the literature. In these studies, two different concepts of interaction have been used: the crossover concept of interaction [different rank orders of genotypes (environments) within environments (genotypes)] or the usual statistical concept of interaction (deviations from additivity of main effects in the linear model). For a quantitative characterization of cluster techniques and for a comparison of two different clustering procedures, two parameters are introduced and discussed: measure of resemblance for two classifications and cluster size for one classification.