基于GIS和气候-土地利用信息的西藏青稞种植适宜性区划

使用2009—2013年的CLDAS大气驱动场(V1.0)数据为气候数据源,结合影响西藏青稞种植的关键气候因子,确定生育期≥0℃的积温(T0)、最热月平均气温(Tmax)、生育期降水量(R)这3个气候因子作为西藏青稞种植区划指标,利用GIS技术进行西藏青稞种植气候适应性区划。为了得到既能满足气候需求又有耕地的实际可种植区域,本研究将土地资源信息与气候区划叠加。结果表明:青稞最适宜种植区域主要分布于雅江中游河谷2400~4100 m区域及昌都市的中部和南部,结果与事实相符。     

Rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence: seed source and spatial pattern

A programme of field trials for the study of the winter barley–Rhynchosporium commune pathosystem is reported. The associated seedborne disease rhynchosporium leaf scald is regarded as having an important impact on barley yields. The analysis in this study relates to the impact of the seed source (commercial or farm-saved seed) on disease incidence and to the spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence. Disease incidence data were calculated from field data recorded as disease severity. Mean disease incidence was higher in the crops grown from farm-saved seed than in those grown from commercial seed, although great agronomic significance cannot be attached to this result. The spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence was characterized in terms of the binary power law (BPL) and was indicative of an aggregated pattern. Programme-wide BPL results were described using a novel phytopathological application of a random coefficients model. These results have application in field sampling for rhynchosporium leaf scald disease.     

两种施肥环境下冬小麦京411及其衍生系产量和生理性状的遗传分析

明确高产广适性与肥料高效利用相关性状的遗传特性对培育优良新品种具有重要意义。本研究以京411及其衍生后代共15个品种(系)为材料,在4个正常施肥和1个常年不施肥环境下研究品种(系)的产量构成因素和生理性状,结合90K SNP芯片,解析骨干亲本携带的产量和生理性状等位基因信息,探讨优异基因对高产品种的贡献。结果表明,正常施肥环境下,京411衍生后代的产量和收获指数均随世代增加呈逐渐上升趋势,其中收获指数增加较为显著(P0.05)。冠层温度对籽粒产量有重要贡献(P0.05),而叶面积指数和光合速率对收获指数有显著贡献(P0.05)。两种施肥条件下中麦175具有较高且稳定的产量和生物学产量,主要与其较高的肥料吸收效率有关。控制产量和生理性状的遗传区段主要分布在A和B基因组上,2B、3A和5A染色体分别携带控制穗粒数、叶面积指数和光合速率的位点。京411携带31个对产量和生理性状为正向效应的等位基因,衍生品种CA0958和中麦175携带的正向效应区段最多,分别占正向效应位点总数的53.85%和51.35%。中麦175的高产潜力和广适应性可能与其携带较多有利等位基因有关。     

种植密度、播期和施肥对西藏不同青稞品种籽粒灌浆特性影响

为了给西藏青稞高产栽培及新品种选育提供依据,选用不同种植密度、播期和施肥处理现有的4个主要青稞品种,通过田间试验研究不同品种籽粒灌浆过程。结果表明,不同青稞品种在不同种植密度、播期和施肥处理下的籽粒灌浆特征表现出相似性,4个品种的平均灌浆速率大小依次为‘藏青2000’＞‘藏青320’＞‘喜马拉雅22’＞‘藏青13’;播期、种植密度和施肥对青稞籽粒产量的影响作用力为：播期＞施肥＞种植密度;不同青稞品种灌浆期籽粒百粒干重均在3.54 g~6.71 g之间,所有试验处理平均百粒干重最高的是T1（播期为4月10日）处理的‘藏青2000’,达到5.8 g/百粒。综合分析表明,播期对4个青稞品种的灌浆特性和产量效益影响最为明显。因此,适时早播是青稞获得高产的关键。     

不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数和伤流液组分的差异

溶液培养条件下研究硼对不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数、伤流量及伤流液组分的影响。结果表明,缺硼抑制棉花根系生长,根重、根体积、根长、活跃吸收面积、总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积占总吸收面积的比例以及伤流量均显著降低,高效品种降低幅度比低效品种小;缺硼还使高效品种根系比表面积升高,而低效品种无显著变化。缺硼显著影响不同棉花品种伤流液各组分含量,与低效品种相比,高效品种伤流液中有较多的NO3-、K+、无机磷、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸。说明缺硼条件下高效品种根系比低效品种具有更强的吸收、代谢活力,可能是其硼效率较高的主要原因之一。     

大麦资源鉴定评价及优异种质筛选

在"七五"到"九五"期间我国对1万余份大麦遗传资源的农艺性状和抗病、抗逆、品质等特征特性的鉴定、评价,筛选出一批具有一种或一种以上的优良性状的遗传资源.本文主要对各种类型的优异种质进行评述并提供可利用的优良品种,为大麦育种及基因资源的研究提供依据.     

Season-specific varietal management as an option to increase rainfed lowland rice production in East African high altitude cropping systems

Due to land expansion and an increase in productivity, rice production in sub-Saharan Africa has been growing at a rate of 6% in the past decade. Rainfed rice production systems have accounted for a large share of this expansion. In these systems, the potential growing period not only depends on the length of the rainy season and thus water availability, but is often, especially in the highlands of East Africa, bordered by the onset of the cool period of the year, when low minimum temperatures compromise rice yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the yield potential of 30 rice varieties contrasting in crop duration and cold tolerance in the highlands of East Africa, with its limited length of growing period. A field trial was conducted in the cropping seasons in 2016 and 2017 at the Fogera rice research station, Ethiopia. As a function of the onset of rains, rice was sown mid-July in 2016 and early July in 2017. Early sowing in 2017 led to an extended crop duration and significantly lower yields of the short-duration varieties, and to a shortened duration and significantly higher yields of the medium- and long-duration varieties, when compared to late sowing in 2016. Late sowing compromised yield of the medium- and long-duration varieties because of low temperatures during booting stage, which led to high spikelet sterility. Early sowing resulted in low yields of the short-duration varieties, probably due to low solar radiation during the cloudy rainy season, which coincided with the vegetative stage. Therefore, choice of variety should be a function of the variable onset of the rainy season and related sowing date. However, crop models precisely calibrated for potential varieties and the respective environmental conditions could fully support the selection of a suitable variety, depending on the date of sowing, for example with the help of online tools or smartphone applications.     

Salinity tolerance of wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum

Salinity tolerance of 47 wild barley genotypes and six barley cultivars was evaluated under control and salinity stress (300 mM NaCl) conditions. Shoot and root dry weight (DW), plant height, membrane stability index (MSI), relative water content, survival rate, leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents, root and leaf Na, K, Ca and K/Na ratio, and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured. Salinity stress caused significant increase in the MDA, proline content, Na and Ca concentrations of the roots and leaves, but resulted in a decrease in the other traits. H. spontaneum genotypes were considerably less affected by the salinity than the genotypes of H. vulgare. Plant survivability was negatively correlated with the Na concentration (r =−.66) but positively correlated with the leaf K/Na ratio (r = .67) and MSI (r = .68). Tolerance mechanisms such as ion exclusion (Na) were likely to be present in the wild barley causing K/Na homeostasis as well as the much lower root and shoot Na, resulting in the higher survival rate.     

施肥对春青稞干物质积累、分配及产量的影响

为研究施肥对青稞干物质积累、分配及产量的调节作用,以‘藏青27’、‘QTB13’和‘QTB25’为试验材料,比较分析不同施肥处理下干物质积累、分配及产量的变化规律。结果表明：增加施肥量促进青稞分蘖期—成熟期的干物质积累及开花期和成熟期干物质向营养器官和籽粒的分配,提高了花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量及对籽粒贡献率,降低了花后同化物输入籽粒量对籽粒贡献率。‘QTB13’和‘QTB25’在F₂条件下,更有利于干物质积累及向营养器官和穗部的分配,花后同化物输入籽粒量最大,产量也最大。‘藏青27’在F₃条件下,更有利于干物质积累及向营养器官和穗部的分配,花后同化物输入籽粒量和对籽粒贡献率最大,产量也最大。说明合理施肥有利于青稞干物质积累分配及产量提高。     

土壤外源钴对大麦根伸长的毒害及其预测模型

选取我国11种不同性质的农田土壤,通过外源添加重金属钴（Co）,研究其对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）根伸长的毒性阈值及土壤性质对Co毒性的影响。结果发现,Co对大麦根伸长10%抑制效应（EC₁₀）在11种土壤中的变化范围为37.1~3 914 mg·kg^-1土（105.5倍）,50%抑制效应（EC₅₀）的变化范围为166.1~6 030 mg·kg^-1土（36.3倍）。建立土壤性质与毒性阈值的回归方程,结果表明土壤pH是影响土壤Co毒性阈值最重要的因子,作为单因子时分别可以解释77.6%、72%的EC₁₀和EC₅₀的变异（P≤0.001）。当在EC₁₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和土壤黏粒（Clay）双因子时,可以解释83.9%的EC₁₀的变异（P<0.001）,EC₅₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和总碳（TC）双因子时,可以解释86.1%的EC₅₀的变异（P<0.001）。将我国土壤中得到的Co毒性阈值预测模型和欧洲北美10种土壤的预测模型进行比较验证,结果发现基于我国土壤得到的预测模型可以较为准确地预测欧洲北美土壤中Co的大麦根伸长毒性阈值,但基于欧洲北美土壤的预测模型不能准确预测我国土壤中Co的毒性阈值。研究表明,我国土壤性质对Co毒性有显著的影响,基于土壤性质建立的预测模型可为土壤中Co生态风险评价提供参考依据。